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AP Psychology > Units 12/13 (College Board) > Flashcards

Units 12/13 (College Board) Flashcards

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1
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

used to diagnose a disorder
helps to create a level of consistency and standardization to how we diagnose disorders

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2
Q

Disorder

A

clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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3
Q

dysfunctional

A

maladaptive; impairs daily functioning

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4
Q

M’Naghten Rule (1843)

A

A rule for determining insanity, which asks whether the defendant knew what he or she was doing or whether the defendant knew that what he or she was doing was wrong.

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5
Q

medical model

A

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

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6
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

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7
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders

A

a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

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8
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.

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9
Q

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity

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10
Q

schizophrenia spectrum disorders

A

group of chronic psychotic disorders that may include hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, flat affect, and lack of initiative

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11
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

adding of behaviors like delusions and hallucinations

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12
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)

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13
Q

bipolar disorder

A

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes

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14
Q

depression

A

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

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15
Q

major depressive disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months. Must show at least 5 of the following symptoms: depressed mood, withdrawal from activities, weight loss or gain, sleep issues, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, worthlessness, concentration issues, or frequent thoughts of death or suicide

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16
Q

anxiety

A

The condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen

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17
Q

anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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18
Q

specific phobia

A

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function

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19
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

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20
Q

panic disorder

A

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

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21
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

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22
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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23
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

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24
Q

Obsessions (OCD)

A

Persistent, unwanted, fearful thoughts
-Fear of germs, fear of being hurt, troubling religious or sexual thoughts

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25
Compulsions (OCD)
irresistible urges to perform an act or repeated ritual -Repeatedly checking, counting, cleaning, washing
26
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
27
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
28
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
29
dissociative amnesia
Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.
30
depersonalization disorder
dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings
31
somatic symptom disorder
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
32
conversion disorder
A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. One or more symptoms that affect body movement or your senses. Symptoms can't be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder. Symptoms cause significant distress or problems in social, work or other areas, or they're significant enough that medical evaluation is recommended
33
illness anxiety disorder
a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
34
factitious disorder
nonexistent physical or psychological disorder deliberately faked for no apparent gain except possibly sympathy and attention
35
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
36
feeding/eating disorders
Difficulty managing food intake such as a life-threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight
37
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat
38
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting
39
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
40
substance abuse disorders
mental disorders resulting from abusive use of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or toxins; characterized by social and personal dysfunction
41
psychotherapy
treatment by psychological techniques rather than physiological; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
42
psychopharmacology
the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders
43
Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist
psychologist: PsyD or PhD. cannot write prescriptions. usually conducts research or teaches psychiatrist: MD. can write prescriptions. treats and studies mental health issues from a medical standpoint
44
psychodynamic perspective to treatment of psychological disorders
uses psychoanalysis and looks at the unconscious
45
humanistic perspective to treatment of psychological disorders
finds strengths/best self
46
behavioral perspective to treatment of psychological disorders
applies behavioral techniques
47
biological perspective to treatment of psychological disorders
mind-body interaction
48
biopsychosocial approach to the treatment of psychological disorders
looks at the factors from multiple perspectives to treat disorders
49
Psychoanalysis
psychological problems are symptoms of inner conflict that was repressed; the goal of psychoanalysis was to bring from unconsciousness to consciousness. psychoanalysis uses free association, hypnosis, projective tests, and dream analysis
50
Client centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
51
behavioral therapy
focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes
52
exposure therapies
treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid; teaches you a new conditioned response to same US
53
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
54
flooding
technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response
55
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
56
token economy
a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards
57
social learning
a theory that suggests we learn social behaviors by watching and imitating others
58
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
59
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
60
rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
61
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
A treatment often used for borderline personality disorder that incorporates both cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness elements.
62
Biomedical therapy
therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms
63
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
64
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
more targeted way than ECT; large coil on forehead, not sedated, short pulses on focused areas. As a result, depressed neurons are activated
65
Evaluation of psychotherapy
evidence shows that those who seek treatment are more likely to improve, more quickly, and less risk of relapse
66
Evaluation of psychodynamic therapy
People better, less anxious after but hard to prove repression and to prove that therapists interpretations are correct. Takes a lot of time and money
67
Evaluation of behavioral therapy
Don't take cognition into consideration
68
Evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy
these therapies decrease the chance of relapse and seem to be more effective than just behavioral therapies on their ownd

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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