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nursg 2100 > Units2/3 > Flashcards

Units2/3 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

what is the great is barrier for drugs?

A

Crossing the membrane that separates the drug from the target cells.

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2
Q

simple/passive diffusion

A

movement of a chemical from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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3
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

no energy need to diffuse but a carrier protein is

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4
Q

active transport

A

energy is need for transport to move molecules against the gradient

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5
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the study of drugs within the body

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6
Q

absorption

A

the rate, extent, and process of moving a drug from the sight of administration to the blood stream

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7
Q

oral med absorption

A

absorbed in GI or intestine, slow absorption and a slow onset time

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8
Q

Topical med absorption

A

skin or mucous membranes, absorbed slowly in the skin and quickly in the mucous membrane

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9
Q

onset

A

the length of time it takes a drug to produce and affect

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10
Q

If the absorption rate is high what happens to the response?

A

produces a more effective response

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11
Q

what has the fastest absorption rate?

A

IV

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12
Q

What is the advantage of administering a medication intradermally?

A

it has a slow absorption and the effect is localized

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13
Q

the _____ absorption, the _____ the onset.

A

faster, faster

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14
Q

What are the advantages of transdermal drug delivery system?

A

slow, steady absorption

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15
Q

what are the disadvantages of transdermal drug delivery system?

A

skin irritation, slow onset time

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16
Q

What are some factors that effect drug absorption?

A
  • dosage form of the drug (pill vs liquid vs cream, etc)
  • concentration of the drug
  • solubility (fat vs water)
  • blood flow
  • contact time with absorption site
  • presence of food
  • surface area
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17
Q

What does food do to absorption?

A

slows it down

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18
Q

what happens to absorption with a higher dose of a drug?

A

produce a faster, greater response, because it produces a higher concentration gradient

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19
Q

Bioavailaability

A

amount of drug that is able to reach the target site to produce it’s effect

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20
Q

first pass effect

A

drug metabolized by the liver before it’s able to reach systemic circulation

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21
Q

Distribution

A

the movement of drugs fom body fluids to body tissues after they are absorbed

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22
Q

what hinders distribution?

A

bad blood flow to tissues, drug solubility, tissue storage, drug protein binding, barriers

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23
Q

free drug

A

drugs not bound to to plasma proteins, the drugs not bound are able to act on body cells

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24
Q

metabolism/biotransformation

A

method of changing a drug to be more easily excreted

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25
what is a prodrug
a drug that can be activated and used until it is metabolized
26
induction
increased enzyme production
27
what is the result of induction
more drug metabolized and need higher dose
28
inhibition
inhibiting liver enzymes
29
what is the result of inhibition?
less drug metabolized and more drug in the blood
30
what effects metabolism?
- lifespan/age - lifestyle - diet - habits - genetics
31
Excretion
elimination of a drug, either unchanged or as a metabolite from the body
32
What happens when drugs are secreted in the bile?
reabsorbed so metabolites may be recycled multiple times
33
serum drug level
amount of drug in the blood
34
minimum effective concentration (MEC)
amount of drug in the blood required to get a drug action
35
toxic concentration
too much drug causes toxic reactions
36
therapeutic range
between the MEC and Toxic concentration levels
37
therapeutic index
margin of safety of a drug
38
loading dose
a large initial dosing of a drug to achieve rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma
39
peak and trough levels
highest and lowest plasma concentration of a drug
40
maintenance dose
drugs given to keep plasma drug levels in therapeutic range.
41
peak
highest blood level
42
duration
length of pharmacological action
43
serum half life
time required for serum concentration to be decreased by 50%
44
What needs to happen when you have short half life? a long half life?
more frequent dosing, less frequent dosing
45
potency
the dose at which a drug will produce it's therapeautic effect
46
pharmacodynamics
how the drug changes the body
47
efficiancy
the greatest response that can come from a drug
48
receptors
drug binding sites, effect can stimulate or inhibit cell function,
49
agonist
promote or produce a response
50
antagonist
block a response
51
partial agonist
produces a weaker or less efficient response to a drug
52
down regulation
receptor desensitization can occur through repeated or long term stimulation
53
up regualation
excess excitatory responses can be noted if receptor has been repressed for a long time and then a small dose of a stimulating drug is given.
54
specificity/selectivity
how many different receptors the drug will effect
55
adverse effect
a reaction that occurs other than the desired therapeutic effects of drug therapy
56
Adverse drug reactions
- result in patient death, hospitalization or disability - cause a congenital abnormality - cause a life threatening event - require an intervention to prevent permanent damage
57
what can a nurse do prevent adverse effects?
- take a thorough medical history - thoroughly assess the patient and all diagnostic data - prevent medication errors - monitor pharmocotherapy closely - know the drugs - be prepared for the unusual - question unusual orders - teach patients about adverse effects
58
hypersensitivity
abnormal exaggerated response to an antigen
59
drug allergy
abnormal reaction to a drug because of prior exposure stimulated the immune system to develop antibodies
60
anaphlaxis
most serious allergic reaction. a medical emergency, with systemic reaction evidenced by dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmia, laryngeal edema, broncospasm, and circulatory collapse.
61
idiosyncratic drug response
an unanticipated or unexplainable response to a drug, often referred to as a paradoxical response, is not considered an allergic response, rare unpredictable varies from patient to patient
62
carcinogen
drug that many cause cancer
63
teratogen
drug that may cause birth defect
64
pregnancy classifications
A, B, C, D, X
65
Additive effect
when 2 drugs from the same therapeutic class are used together for a greater response
66
synergistic effect
when 2 drugs create a bigger response than what you would think if you simply combined them together
67
antagonistic
one drug blocks the effects of another drug
68
displacement
displacing one drug from protein binding sites increases the amount of free drug thereby increasing the drug effect.
69
antidote
reverse or block the toxic effects of another drug
70
binding
drug binds with another drug or food and is unable to be absorbed
71
enzyme induction
increases liver metabolism of drugs
72
drug tolerance
needing more drug to achieve desired effect
73
signs of drug dependence
withdrawal, physical dependence, psychological dependence drug seeking behavior
74
management of a drug overdose
recognition or identification of drugs taken, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation treat life threatening symptoms administer antidotes

nursg 2100 (5 decks)

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