unseen Q3 Flashcards
(49 cards)
What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)?
A metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction.
What causes hyperglycemia in T2DM?
A combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells.
What are the two main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM?
- Insulin resistance
- Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction
What is insulin resistance?
A diminished response of peripheral tissues to the action of insulin.
Which tissues are primarily affected by insulin resistance?
- Skeletal muscle
- Adipose tissue
- Liver
How does insulin resistance affect skeletal muscle?
It impairs glucose uptake and reduces glycogen synthesis.
How does insulin resistance affect adipose tissue?
It increases lipolysis and raises free fatty acid levels in the blood.
What is the consequence of elevated free fatty acids?
They contribute to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.
How does insulin resistance affect the liver?
It reduces insulin’s ability to suppress gluconeogenesis, increasing glucose production.
What is gluconeogenesis?
The metabolic process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
What is the role of pancreatic β-cells?
To produce and secrete insulin in response to blood glucose levels.
What initially happens to β-cells in response to insulin resistance?
They increase insulin secretion to compensate.
What is β-cell exhaustion?
A decline in β-cell function due to chronic overproduction of insulin.
What is glucotoxicity?
Damage to β-cells caused by prolonged high blood glucose levels.
What is lipotoxicity?
Damage to β-cells caused by elevated levels of free fatty acids.
How does oxidative stress affect β-cells?
It damages β-cell structures and impairs function.
What is endoplasmic reticulum stress?
A condition in which protein folding in β-cells is disrupted, contributing to dysfunction.
What happens as functional β-cell mass decreases?
Insulin production declines, worsening hyperglycemia.
How do genetic factors influence T2DM?
They increase susceptibility, especially with a family history of diabetes.
What environmental factors contribute to T2DM?
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Excessive caloric intake
- Obesity
What type of obesity is most associated with T2DM?
Central adiposity (abdominal fat accumulation).
How does obesity promote insulin resistance?
By increasing free fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines.
What immune cells infiltrate adipose tissue in obesity?
- Macrophages
- Other immune cells
What kind of inflammation is associated with T2DM?
Chronic low-grade inflammation.
