UNSELF MIDTERMS PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL SELF

Question 1

The Beginning of life

(Carnegie Stages of Human development is by?)

Answer 1

by Dr. Mark Hill

Stage 1 (Zygote) - Stage 22 ( 54-58 days)

Question 2

Prenatal Development
Enu. the stages

Answer 2

1. Germinal Stage
2. Embryonic Stage
3. Fetal Stage

Question 3

• the first stage of prenatal
  development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not
  become implanted in the uterine wall.
• Conception through implantation
• Zygote (fertilized ovum or egg cell)
  divides and becomes implanted in the
  uterine wall.

Answer 3

1. Germinal Stage

Question 4

(fertilized ovum or egg cell)
divides and becomes implanted in the
uterine wall.

Answer 4

Zygote

Question 5

• The first two weeks after conception
• The ________ spans the time
  from fertilization to implantation in
  the wall of the uterus.
• For the first three or four days the
  mass of dividing cells moves about
  the uterus before implantation

Answer 5

GERMINAL STAGE

Question 5

testes form and produce androgens

Answer 5

Y sex chromosome

2. Embryonic Stage

Question 6

• Implantation until about 8th week
• Major organ systems are formed
• 5-6: nondescript
• 7: Genetic code (XX or XY) causes sex organs to differentiate
• Y sex chromosome – testes form and produce androgens

Answer 6

2. Embryonic Stage

Question 7

2. Embryonic Stage

During the 4th week, a
________ begins to
beat and pump blood—in an organism that is one-fifth of an inch long.

Answer 7

primitive heart

Question 8

• The period of 2 to 8 weeks after
  conception.
• Major organ systems begin to take
  shape, which is now called the
  embryo.
• Nervous system, head and blood
  vessels form at this time as well

Answer 8

2. Embryonic Stage

Question 9

• Major organ systems begin to take
  shape, which is now called the
  _______.

Answer 9

embryo

2. Embryonic Stage

Question 10

2. Embryonic Stage
   * Embryo is suspended in _________ (a sac
   within the uterus that contains the embryo or
   fetus.

Answer 10

amniotic sac

Question 10

2. Embryonic Stage

At this midway point bet. conception and birth, the fetus is covered with fine, downy hair, called______

Answer 10

lanugo

Question 11

2. Embryonic Stage
   * Nutrients and wastes are exchanged with
   mother through ________ (a membrane that
   permits the exchange of nutrients and waste
   products between the mother and her
   developing child but does not allow the
   maternal and fetal bloodstreams to mix)

Answer 11

placenta

Question 11

2. Embryonic Stage

Embryo is connected to
placenta by _____ (a tube between
the mother and her
developing child
through which nutrients
and waste product are
conducted)

Answer 11

umbilical
cord

Question 12

• Beginning of third month until birth
• Organ systems; fingers and toes ( 12th week)
• Mid: 4th week: movements
• 6th week: limbs
• Characterized by maturation &
  gains in size
• 5 ½ pounds (fetus)
• 7 ½lbs (newborn boys)
• 7 lbs (newborn girls)

Answer 12

3. Fetal Stage

Question 13

3. Fetal Stage
   * The fetus reached the age of ______,
   where it could sustain life on its own
   outside of the womb

Answer 13

viability

Question 14

Chromosomal abnormalities…
(COMMON DISORDERS)

*DOWN SYNDROME
* EDWARDS SYNDROME
* PATAU SYNDROME
*GENOTYPE XXY
*GENOTYPE X

Answer 14

*TRISOMY 21 -DOWN SYNDROME
* TRISOMY 18 - EDWARDS SYNDROME
* TRISOMY 13- PATAU SYNDROME
* KLINEFELTER SYNDROME - GENOTYPE XXY
*TURNER SYNDROME - GENOTYPE X

Question 15

SEX CHROMOSOMES
XX is _____
XY is _____

Answer 15

XX is female
XY is male

Question 16

THREATS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

• __________is related to
  premature birth and low birth weight.

Answer 16

Maternal malnutrition

Question 17

THREATS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

• The risk of _______, a neural tube
  defect, can be reduced if vitamins
  containing folic acid are taken
  during pregnancy.

Answer 17

spina bifida

Question 18

TERATOGENS
* Derived from the Greek word
teras, meaning “______.”

Answer 18

monster

Question 19

TERATOGENS
* Derived from the Greek word
teras, meaning “monster.”
* Can include;
* Certain drugs taken by the mother
* X-rays
* Environmental contaminants such as
lead and mercury
* Infectious organisms

Question 20

TERATOGENS
* Can include infectious diseases such as
_______, which can lead to serious birth
defects (heart disease, mental
retardation, deafness)
* ___________ can be passed from
mother to child during pregnancy.
* _____ can lead to liver damage,
impaired hearing & vision, and
deformities in teeth & bones

Answer 20

• rubella
  **HIV/AIDS and syphilis
  ***Syphilis

Question 23

Maternal smoking has also been linked to __________

Answer 23

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 24

Can lead to miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight and increased risk of infant mortality

Answer 24

SMOKING

Question 25

_______ is also the leading cause of mental retardation (facial deformities, underdeveloped upper jaw, widely spaced eyes).

Answer 25

Alcohol -* There is no established “safe” limit for alcohol use during pregnancy

Question 25

___________use can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Answer 25

Maternal alcohol

Question 26

Any _____ used during pregnancy, whether legal or illicit, or any medication, whether prescribed or bought over the counter can potentially harm the fetus

Answer 26

drug - Pregnant women should consult their doctors before taking any medication!

Question 27

Teratogens are

Answer 27

1. Smoking 2. Alcohol 3. Drugs

Question 28

Think about doing things in three areas:

Answer 28

- Aerobic activity - Muscle strength - Stretching

Question 29

* Study of individuals as they interact with others.

Answer 29

Social Psychology by (Lahey, 2007)

Question 30

basically is about understanding individual behavior in a social context, particularly in terms of interactions and relationships.

Answer 30

Social Psychology

Question 31

Social Psychology basically is about understanding individual behavior in a social context, particularly in terms of __________ and ____________.

Answer 31

interactions and relationships

Question 32

______________mutual & reciprocal exchange of communication or action between two or more persons or groups.

Answer 32

Interaction

Question 33

____________a particular way by which two or more individuals, groups, or even countries, talk to, behave toward, or deal with each other. There exist a connection, kinship, or attachment attributable to several factors such as common interests and goals, which lead to a mutual bond.

Answer 33

Relationship

Question 34

In psychology, this refers to forming impressions and making judgments about another person’s likability after your first meeting; formed with bias based on past experiences and with little conscious thought.

Answer 34

Person perception

Question 35

spoken and unspoken rules on how to behave in a particular social group or culture.

Answer 35

Social norms

Question 36

__________provide order in society. It is difficult to see how human society could operate without social norms. Human beings need norms to guide and direct their behavior, to provide order and predictability in social relationships and to make sense of and understanding of each other’s actions.

Answer 36

Norms

Question 37

In social situations where people work and do things together for a single purpose or goal, two things may transpire: (a) __________ or (b) ___________.

Answer 37

(a) social facilitation or (b) social loafing.

Question 38

occurs when the performance of each individual member of the group is enhanced in value or quality; made better.

Answer 38

Social Facilitation

Question 39

. a phenomenon where individuals tend to become less motivated and expend less e f fo r t w h e n wo r k i n g c o l l e c t i ve l y compared to when working alone.

Answer 39

Social Loafing

Question 40

Yielding to group pressure to act as everyone does, even when no direct request has been made.

Answer 40

Conformity

Question 41

Factors that effect conformity

Answer 41

1. Size of the group: 2. Unanimous groups 3. Culture: 4. Gender:

Question 42

Factors that effect conformity -the more people are in a group, the more likely a member tends to conform.

Answer 42

Size of the group:

Question 43

Factors that effect conformity - conformity is highest when an individual faces a group in which all members feel the same way about a topic, a problem, or an issue

Answer 43

Unanimous groups

Question 44

Factors that effect conformity -conformity occurs in all cultures, however, some cultures emphasize the welfare of an individual; thus, people are less conforming. Others focus on collective welfare so people tend to be more conforming. A high degree of conformity leads to faster accomplishments of a task or work

Answer 44

Culture:

Question 45

Factors that effect conformity - in the past, females were more likely to conform than males, but research has shown that it is no longer the case

Answer 45

Gender

Question 46

__________among members in social groups is very high. However, individuals are not always expected to surrender to the pressure just to conform. * The decision to succumb to group pressure should be based on something that will not put you at a position of disadvantage

Answer 46

Conformity

Question 47

* Study of how thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of, or interactions with, others.

Answer 47

Social Psychology (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2014)

Question 48

* Study of the effect of social factors on individual behavior, attitudes, perceptions, and motives.

Answer 48

Social Psychology by (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002)