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Chapter 3 Biology > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells

A

Structural units organisms. Bounded by cell membrane.

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

interior cell matrix
between plasma membrane and nucleus

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3
Q

Cell Wall

A

outside of cell membrane

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4
Q

Arrangement of molecules are…

A

highly structured and complex

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5
Q

Growth

A

increase in mass and volume/ controlled by genetic make up and environment

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6
Q

Reproduction

A

production of offspring resembles parent

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7
Q

Response to stimuli

A

respond to injury, light, temperature, and gravity

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8
Q

Metabolism

A

collective product of all biochemical reactions in an organism

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9
Q

Respiration

A

energy release

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10
Q

Photosynthesis

A

energy harnessing

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11
Q

Digestion

A

conversion of large insoluble food molecules to smaller soluble molecules

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12
Q

Assimilation

A

conversion of raw materials into cell substances

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13
Q

Cells have varying life spans but share common features

A
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14
Q

Prokaryotic

A

cells lack of a nucleus (bacteria)

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15
Q

Eukaryotic

A

cells contain a nucleus

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16
Q

Organelles

A

membrane-bound bodies found within eukaryotic cells

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17
Q

Protoplasm

A

all living cell components/ surrounded by cell wall/ bound by plasma membrane

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18
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid within cytoplasm containing organelles

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19
Q

Cells of higher plants

A

Vary between 10-100 micrometers

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20
Q

Smaller cells have

A

large surface to volume ratios

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21
Q

Cellulose

A

Main component of cell walls-long chain of glucose monomers

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22
Q

Hemicellulose

A

holds cellulose fibrils together

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23
Q

Pectin

A

gives stiffness

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24
Q

Glycoproteins

A

proteins associated with sugars

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25
Middle lamella
when new cell walls form/ shared by 2 adjacent cells
26
Primary cell wall
flexible, either side of middle lamella- cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins
27
Secondary wall
inside primary walls by thickening and inclusion of lignin
28
Lignin
cellulose microfibrils embedded for strength
29
Plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells/ fluid and dissolved substances
30
Plasma membrane
semipermeable outer boundary of living part of cell/regulates movement/ composed of phospholiquid bilayer
31
Fluid mosaic model
dynamic structure
32
Nucleus
control center of cell which contains DNA/ bound by two membranes (nuclear envelope)/ occupy 1/3 total surface area/ contain fluid nucleoplasm
33
Nucleoli
Composed of RNA/ chromatin strands/ DNA, protein/ coil and become chromosomes
34
Rough ER
protein synthesis and storage
35
Smooth ER
devoid of ribosomes and associated with lipid secretion
36
Ribosomes
consists of RNA and proteins/ outside rough ER or cytoplasm, chloroplast/ link amino acids to create protein
37
Dictyosomes (golgi bodies in animals)
stacks of flattened discs or vesicles/ modify carbohydrates/assemble polysaccharides/vesicles migrate to plasma membrane and secrete content outside cell
38
Chloroplast
most conspicuous plastid
39
Thylakoid
contain chlorophyll/ first step photosynthesis/ in chloroplast
40
Stroma
matrix of enzymes involved in photosynthesis
41
Chromoplasts
accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)
42
Leucoplasts
colorless, synthesize starches (amyloplasts), oils (elaioplasts)
43
All types of plastids develop from
proplastids
44
Mitochondria
release energy produced from cellular respiration/ folds=cristae/ DNA and RNA
45
Microbodies
small, spherical bodies distributed throughout cytoplasm that contain specialized enzymes (single membrane)
46
Peroxisomes
Serve in photorespiration
47
Glyoxisomes
conversion of fat to carbohydrates
48
Vacuoles
90% volume/ filled with water fluid called cell-sap(moderately acidic)/ vacuolar membrane (tonoplasts)/ water-soluble pigments (anthocyanins)- red, blue, purple/ maintain cell pressure/ pH/ stores metabolites and waste
49
Cytoskeleton
movement within cell and architecture
50
Microtubules
addition to cellulose to cell wall/ movement of flagella and cillia/ found in fibers/ thin, hollow, tubulins (proteins)
51
Microfilaments
role in cytoplasmic streaming
52
Cell cycle
series of events when cells divide
53
Interphase
90% cell cycle/ cells are not dividing
54
G1
cell increases size
55
S
DNA Replication
56
G2
Mitochondria and organelles divide, microbtubules produce
57
Mitosis
Cellular division/ two daughter cells with equal amounts of DNA are exact copy of parents cells
58
Prophase
chromosomes condense/ nucleolus disintegrates/ nuclear envelope dissociates/ microtubules attach to kinetochore
59
Kinetochore
proteins complex- located outside centromere
60
Metaphase
chromosomes align between poles around cell equator (spindle fibers)/ centromeres holding chromatids separate
61
Anaphase
chromatids separate/ spindle fibers shorten
62
Telophase
daughter chromosomes become longer surrounded by nuclear envelope/ nucleoli reappear/ spindle fibers disintegrates
63
Cell plate formation
phragmoplast-microtubules-vesivles-cell plate
64

Chapter 3 Biology (2 decks)

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