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Compounding > Up to Exam 1 > Flashcards

Up to Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Syrup

A

Alcohol content: low <5%
Sugar content: sweet- sucrose, glycerin, sorbitol

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2
Q

Elixirs

A

Alcohol Content: Medium 3-25%
Sugar Content: Not sweet to slightly sweet

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3
Q

Tincture

A

Alcohol content: high > 40%
Sugar content: generally not sweetened topical/oral

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4
Q

What is the minimum concentration of sucrose that will preserve syrup?

A

85% w/v
65% w/w

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5
Q

Emulsions

A

2 phase systems with 3 components- lipid phase, aqueous phase, and an emulsifier

liquid in liquid

used topically: creams and lotion; orally: poor tasting; IV: fats

w/o, o/w

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6
Q

emulsifying agent

A

surfactant containing hydrophilic and lipophilic regions that concentrates at the interface of 2 insoluble liquids to provide a barrier that allows droplets to form

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7
Q

HLB

A

Hydrophile Lipophile Balance

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8
Q

A higher HLB means

A

hydrophilic, more water soluble, o/w

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9
Q

Low HLB means

A

lipophilic, more oil soluble, w/o

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10
Q

Oils have specific HLBs needed to

A

emulsify

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11
Q

Blending of surfactants

A

allows pharmacist to get best phase ratio stability by using more than one emulsifier

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12
Q

emulsifier range

A

2-5% w/v of formula

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13
Q

Do emulsions form spontaneously?

A

no, need energy

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14
Q

Ways to form emulsions

A

agitation, trituration, homogenization

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15
Q

Acacia gum

A

gum arabic
emulsifier
HLB 11-12

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16
Q

Wet gum method

A

english method
triturate in mortar and pestle acacia and at phase til mucus-like. oil is then added in small quantities slowly

can use a bottle to shake/electric mixer

O:W:E = 4: 2: 1

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17
Q

Dry gum method

A

continental method
acacia and oil are combined rapidly til creamy and hear a snapping sound

all of aqueous phase with all other ingredients added to it are rapidly combined with trituration

O:W:E = 4:2:1

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18
Q

Desired properties of emulsions

A

small droplet size
slow aggregation of droplets
ease of re-dispersement

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19
Q

Are creaming and flocculation reversible?

A

yes, redistribute by shaking

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20
Q

Are breaking and coalescence reversible?

A

no

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21
Q

How to find the amount of emulsifier needed?

A
  1. identify oil phase
  2. find required HLB for oil phase through allegation medial
  3. calculate the amount of emulsifier we will use (2-5%) using the alligation alternate
  4. If emulsifiers are liquids use specific gravity to convert grams to volume
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22
Q

Suspensions

A

liquid preparations containing solid particles dispersed through a liquid phase in which the particles are not soluble

used in oral, topical, IM, Otic, SQ, Ophthalmic, NOT IV

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23
Q

Advantages of Suspensions

A

tab/caps can be easily swallowed this way
mask the taste of api

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24
Q

disadvantages of suspensions

A

unstable
textures

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25
Q

Wetting agent

A

surfactant dissolved in water used to decrease the contact angle between a solid surface and the liquid

displaces air trapped on surfaces of solid particles and replacing the air with liquid to help disperse solids

examples: Propylene glycol and glycerin

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26
Q

Flocculating Agents

A

enhance particle dispersability
electrolytes with charge opposite of the suspended particles to negate the surface charge
forms floccules held loosely together by van der Walls forces

decr in caking
incr in ease of redispersement by shaking bottle

examples: NaCl, KCL, Ca salts, citrates

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27
Q

Suspending Agent

A

reduces sedimentation rate of insoluble particles that are dispersed in a liquid vehicles

incr viscosity of liquid vehicle, which slows down settling

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28
Q

Ora plus is?

A

a suspending agent
has antifoaming

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29
Q

Ora-sweet is?

A

a sweet vehicle

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30
Q

Desired properties of suspension

A

fine particle size (0.5-3 micron) of solid
uniform dispersion of solid in liquid
slow sedimentation rate
smaller particles suspend longer
easily redispersed

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31
Q

Stokes Law

A

relates sedimentation velocity to density of liquid and solid, viscosity, particle size

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32
Q

Sedimentation Factor

A

volume of settled particles per total volume

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33
Q

If the sedimentation factor is closer to 1 it is desirable. This is because it shows the stability of?

A

floccules

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34
Q

Bentonite Magma is?

A

a suspending agent/ viscosifier

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35
Q

What do you need to consider for vet compounding?

A

Licensed vet prescription, abbreviations, labeling
valid vet-client patient relationship
USP, AVMA, FDA, FD&C guidelines
only make when dosage form/concentration/size is unavailable — NO mimics
food safety, drug form, flavoring, excipients
not for resale, office stock is emergencies only
can use for non approved use

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36
Q

What is extralabel use (ELU)?

A

prescribing human and animal approved products for non approved use as long as a vet client patient relationship exists

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37
Q

Is compounding from bulk drug substance legal?

A

NO
unless it is an used for an antidote, euthanasia, or depopulation

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38
Q

What should be considered for veterinary patients?

A

pet, food source, performance, exotic, zoo, nature
size, structure, fat, % water, absorption
different BSA equation
horizontal orientation
biochemical and physiological
ability to vomit
willingness, ability to understand and trust
communication with owner

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39
Q

What are some specialized dosage forms for animals?

A

custom flavored capsules and tablets
chews
feeds/solutions/powders mixed with food products
darts

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40
Q

What flavors do cats prefer? Why?

A

fish or savory
they don’t have sweetness receptors

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41
Q

What flavors do horses prefer?

A

alfalfa, blue-grass, caramel, cherry, clover, forage, apple, oats, carrots, sweets

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42
Q

What flavors do dogs prefer?

A

beef, cheese, liver, marshmallow, molasses, raspberry, strawberry, peanut butter

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43
Q

What flavors do primates prefer?

A

banana, chocolate, raspberry

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44
Q

What flavors do cattle prefer?

A

alfalfa, anise, licorice, blue-grass, clover, forage, maple, meal, molasses

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45
Q

What flavors do reptiles prefer?

A

banana cream and lemon custard

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46
Q

What flavors do birds prefer?

A

grape, orange, molasses, pina colada, millet

47
Q

Will cats take tablets or capsules voluntarily?

A

no

48
Q

What formulations are preferable to cats?

A

liquid formulations like suspensions
transdermal

49
Q

What are compounding resources for veterinary patients?

A

USP monographs for vet products
Plumb’s Vet Drug Handbook
Saunder’s Handbook of Vet Drugs
JAPhA
Pharmacy today
FDA and AVMA
Human compounding resources

50
Q

Neonate ages

A

birth to 1 month

51
Q

Infant ages

A

1 month to 2 years

52
Q

Children ages

A

2 years to 12 years

53
Q

Adolescent ages

A

12 to 16 years

54
Q

What are some physiological/ pharmacokinetic differences for pediatric patients?

A

Less drug needed to get an effect
ADME processes differ
Dosing recommendation based on weight

55
Q

What is the handbook for pediatrics?

A

Harriet Lane Handbook of Pediatrics

56
Q

If dosed by body weight/ BSA, what are the best formulations to achieve the desired dose?

A

syrups and suspensions

57
Q

Can tablets be individualized to pediatric patients

A

no

58
Q

What are some formulation attributes of pediatric oral dosage forms?

A

taste, smell, and looks
not too similar to candy
stable drug
antimicrobial preservative
easy to measure and give accurate dose-admin devices
childproof protection on containers

59
Q

Challenges to compliance for pediatric patients?

A

Oral- swallowing ability, taste, dosage form
Topical- cover when indicated
IV- venous access and vein integrity issues
PR- no data in neonates
increased difficulty of admin with age
willingness, ability to understand and trust
special needs

60
Q

Ophthalmic and Nasal preparation dosage forms

A

solutions
suspensions
emulsions
ointment
gels

61
Q

Functions of ophthalmics

A

lubricating eyes, aiding immune system, and removing irritant

62
Q

What are the three types of tears?

A

basal, reflex, and emotional

63
Q

What is the salt content of ophthalmics similar to?

A

blood plasma

64
Q

How long should patients be counseled to wait between drops?

A

5 minutes

65
Q

What is the pH of ophthalmics?

A

7.4

66
Q

What should be considered for ophthalmics?

A

pH, tonicity, sterility, particulates, and preservatives

67
Q

Particulates must be less than

A

10 microns

68
Q

Eye solutions and ointments must be?

A

buffered, isotonic, sterile, and preserved

69
Q

Eye solutions do not have to be preserved if ?

A

they are to be used in less than 24 hours

70
Q

Otic solutions do not have to be isotonic nor sterile when?

A

it is for a perforated eardrum

71
Q

pH of tears

A

7.4
can accommodate 6.5-8.5

72
Q

Buffer capacity of ophthalmics

A

0.01-0.1

73
Q

pH of nasal cavity

A

5-8

74
Q

How would you describe the buffer capacity of the nasal cavity?

A

mild

75
Q

Buffers maintain

A

homeostasis

76
Q

pH can degrade

A

drugs

77
Q

H^+ ions can stimulate ?

A

pain receptors and tissue swelling

78
Q

Phosphate buffer

A

buffer used for alkaline drugs
isotonic but stings
pH 5
aka Sorensons solution
monosodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate

79
Q

Borate Buffer

A

buffer system used for acidic drugs
can’t be used systemically because toxic to RBC
Boric acid and sodium hexaborate

80
Q

About how much buffer should you use in a solution ?

A

1/3rd of the solution’s total volume

81
Q

pH is the measure of ?

A

acidity

82
Q

pKa defines?

A

the strength of the acid

83
Q

isotonicity

A

osmotic pressure of a solution = osmotic pressure of body fluids
300mOsm/L

84
Q

If an isotonic solution was not prepared correctly what could happen?

A

deals with patient comfort, could cause damage if wrong

85
Q

If the solution is hypotonic what do you add?

A

NaCl to increase tonicity

86
Q

If the solution is hypertonic what do you add?

A

Water to dilute

87
Q

What size filter sterilizes?

A

0.22 micron

88
Q

A sterile glove box and laminar air flow hood are part of?

A

clean room preparation

89
Q

Preservatives must be in

A

all multi-dose containers

90
Q

Preservatives are never used in

A

surgical use or 24 hr post operation

91
Q

Benzalkonium chloride 0.013%

A

most common preservative
treats gram positive organisms, yeast, and fungi
add antioxidant to this to get greater microbial effect
cannot store in PVP plastic
can be autoclaved

92
Q

Why is benzalkonium chloride bad for contact lenses?

A

it binds to them
advise patients to have 1 hour between contacts and drops

93
Q

Phenylmercuric acetate 0.004%
Phenlymercuric nitrate 0.004%
thimerosal 0.01%
quaternary ammonium salts
Chlorobutanol 0.5%
Are all?

A

preservatives

94
Q

Ingredient Sources

A

must be USP monograph sources
manufactured products as vehicles
already sterile drugs

95
Q

What do viscosity enhancers do?

A

smooth and decrease drainage into the lacrimal-nasal drain
increases residence time

96
Q

PV alcohol 1.4%
MC 2%
HPMC 1%
Are all examples of?

A

viscosity enhancers

97
Q

Dosage considerations for ophthalmics and nasal preparations

A

has to fit in 1/2 drops
drop calculation
dropper needs to be calibrated

98
Q

What is the beyond use date for ophthalmics and nasal preparations ?

A

28 days

99
Q

What color caps do anti-infectives ophthalmics and nasal preparations have?

A

tan

100
Q

What color caps do anti-inflammatory and steroid ophthalmics and nasal preparations have?

A

pink

101
Q

What color caps do mydriatic and cycloplegic ophthalmic and nasal preparations have?

A

red

102
Q

What color caps do miotic ophthalmic and nasal preparations have?

A

dark green

103
Q

Ointment

A

oleaginous, anhydrous, occlusive, greasy, increased drug effect because it stays on the skin longer

104
Q

Cream

A

contains water, needs preservative, thick liquid/soft solid, vanishes, increase presence of solid compared to lotion

105
Q

Lotion

A

less than 5% suspensions/emulsions o/w or w/o, contain water, pourable

106
Q

Paste

A

greater than 20% solids, difficult to spread, absorb water, no flow at body temperature, sticks to mucus, good for dental procedures, sticks to excoriated skin, absorbs skin secretions

107
Q

Gel

A

no use of base
colloid
tapes and gauze

108
Q

5 types of ointment bases

A

oleaginous bases
absorption bases
w/o emulsion bases
o/w emulsion bases
water miscible bases

109
Q

eutectic

A

2/+ solids when mixed together become a liquid

110
Q

Lanolin

A

made of wool alcohols, sterol esters, comes from sebaceous glands of wool bearing animals

111
Q

Geometric dilution

A

combining ingredients by visually doubling volume with each addition and mixing to create homogeneity

112
Q

Levigation

A

particle size reduction aided by a wetting agent
decreases surface tension between powder and base

113
Q

Spatulation

A

combining of materials into a homogenous mix by continuously smoothing the mass out on a smooth surface with a spatula

114
Q

Compounding equipment for topical preparations examples

A

mortar and pestle
unguator
ointment mill
plastic bag
pill tile/ointment slab
ointment pad

Compounding (6 decks)

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