UPEs Flashcards

(104 cards)

1
Q

The life, death, and resurrection of Jesus shows “religious desire” to be the…

1
place where a person starts to know Christ.
2
foundation on which knowledge of Christ must be built.
3
common element of fallen humanity in its quest to be like God.
4
goodness of the image and likeness of God that Christ validates.

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2
Q

A view of Christ “from below” allows for a proper biblical understanding of Jesus’ person and work because it…

1
allows God to be a “wholly other” God with humans in rebellion against Him.
2
views humanity’s relationship to God as only partially damaged by the Fall.
3
keeps God as the object of human reason.
4
starts with Jesus as the incarnated Logos, focusing on His divinity.

A

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3
Q

Augustine set Western theology on its course by using…

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Plato’s view of humanity’s fall into sin and adding Christ’s redemption.
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Plato’s view of the soul’s fall into bodies to explain the Fall in Genesis.
3
Jesus’ life as a critique of Plato’s view of the soul’s fall into bodies.
4
Plato’s view of the soul’s fall into bodies to explain Jesus’ death.

A

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4
Q

A narrative view of Jesus’ life is critical for understanding Christology primarily because…

1
the narrative of Scripture allows Jesus’ lordship to be seen rightly.
2
the narrative of Scripture helps show how Christology relates to history.
3
it helps us to see how the church wrongly elevated Jesus to divinity.
4
it shows how Jesus’ life is understood better today than when He lived.

A

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5
Q

Epistemology is the aspect of theology and philosophy that…

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deals with what things are in their true nature.
2
attempts to describe the essence of a particular object.
3
explains what is true with logical proofs of certainty.
4
tries to explain how one comes to know or believe in what is true.

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6
Q

In regard to the gospel of Jesus Christ, the most common definition of the word contextualization refers to how the…

1
gospel transforms a person’s view of his or her cultural context.
2
host church adapts the gospel message to accommodate cultural beliefs.
3
cultural context is critiqued in order for the gospel to remain pure.
4
church stays faithful to the gospel to be a light to its host culture.

A

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7
Q

In the context of the church’s way of doing theology, LaCugna’s term theologia refers to…

1
strict devotion to understanding God according to the revelation of Scripture.
2
the Catholic Church’s doctrine that took priority over Scripture.
3
talk about God in se, as He is “in himself” within the Immanent Trinity.
4
knowledge of the particular Christian God only through Jesus’ life and death.

A

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8
Q

A biblical narrative approach to Christology emphasizes the…

1
reasonability of Christianity to help people learn about Christ’s nature.
2
preaching of the gospel that appeals to all people everywhere.
3
existence Christ had eternally with the Father.
4
life Jesus lived as a human as one of obedience to the Father in the Spirit.

A

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9
Q

Yoder believes the early Christian creeds were already accommodating the Greco-Roman thought structure in that they…

1
focused on Christ’s relationship with the Father from all eternity.
2
dealt almost completely with God’s inner being.
3
separated the spiritual Christ from the earthly Jesus.
4
said nothing about the historical and political aspects of Jesus’ life in Israel.

A

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10
Q

Docetists believed that Jesus’ human body…

1
appeared to be real but was not.
2
was real but could feel no pain.
3
was real only after He was raised from the dead.
4
was both real and unreal, depending on what He needed it to be at the time.

A

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11
Q

Sabellianism is best identified by the belief that…

1
God is a Trinity of equally divine persons.
2
God revealed himself in three successive “modes”: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
3
God is one so that the Son and the Spirit cannot be fully divine.
4
Jesus was merely adopted, at His baptism, to be the Son of God.

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12
Q

The Council of Nicaea was most likely convened because…

1
the church was expanding and needed to have better planning methods.
2
persecution of Christians had ended, and the church needed a new missions strategy.
3
factions among the clergy regarding Christ threatened the unity of the Roman Empire.
4
church bishops realized their disunity and wanted to settle their differences.

A

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13
Q

At its most basic, Arius’ view stated that…

1
Jesus was begotten of the Father eternally.
2
Jesus was begotten of the Father at His baptism.
3
since Jesus was begotten of the Father, there was a time when He was not.
4
since Jesus was never begotten of the Father, He was not at all divine.

A

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14
Q

Apollinarianism was a teaching that claimed…

1
Jesus did not have a rational human soul.
2
Jesus became the Son of God at His baptism.
3
the Logos was created by the Father at a particular time before the Incarnation.
4
the Son was only of a similar substance as the Father.

A

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15
Q

The pro-Nicene theologians’ view that opened a wider split between God’s inner nature and His economy of salvation was that…

1
God is an eternal Spirit and Jesus was an earthly human.
2
God is not able to suffer, so it was the Logos in Jesus who suffered and died on a cross.
3
God is wholly other and Jesus was “God with us.”
4
God’s wrath condemns sin, yet Jesus ate and drank with sinners.

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16
Q

Due to the Cappadocian fathers’ view, the Eastern church tradition generally regards the Trinity…

1
first as one substance and then as three distinct persons.
2
as three successive modes of operation of the one Father.
3
as of lesser importance than the one divine substance.
4
in a relational way because the Son is eternally begotten by the Father.

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17
Q

Through time, the Western Christological method came to focus on…

1
how Jesus lived His life.
2
what Jesus’ person consists of.
3
how the Father redeemed humankind.
4
the repentance required by Jesus’ death.

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18
Q

Athanasius’ view of the incarnation of the Logos into human flesh…

1
made it irrelevant whether Jesus possessed a human soul or not.
2
proposed that Jesus became the Logos at His baptism.
3
did not believe Jesus’ flesh to be a real material body.
4
claimed the two natures to be a mixture, resulting in a third type of humanity.

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19
Q

According to Schwarz, during its first few centuries the church began to identify the Logos with…

1
only what was known in Scripture.
2
the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus.
3
the wisdom of God as revealed in the gospel.
4
the reason that is inherent in the rest of the created world.

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20
Q

From Neoplatonism’s influence, Augustine believed the human soul to be…

1
unconnected to God in any way.
2
nothing more than the human mind’s ability to think.
3
fallen into the material world of human bodies from the world of Forms.
4
without any trace of God’s image and likeness.

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21
Q

Augustine viewed the image and likeness of God after the Fall as…

1
being completely lost and unattainable without salvation in Christ.
2
residing in all people and needing only God’s infused grace for faith in Christ.
3
being restored through repentance over one’s complete loss of God’s image.
4
being unintelligible without the Spirit of Christ revealing it to a person.

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22
Q

Augustine confused the definition of personhood in regard to the Father, the Son, and the Spirit by…

1
saying they were all the same person.
2
describing the word person first as an essence and then later as a substance.
3
claiming they each shared the same personhood.
4
saying there was no adequate word in Latin to describe the Greek idea of person.

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23
Q

The Council of Chalcedon proposed that…

1
Jesus’ earthly nature was swallowed up by His divine nature.
2
Jesus had two natures only after His baptism by John.
3
Jesus’ two natures were completely separate and worked one at a time.
4
Jesus’ two natures were held together in a hypostatic union without confusion.

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24
Q

According to Gustaf Aulén, the early church viewed Christ’s work of atonement as…

1
the overcoming of the evil forces of the world.
2
the forgiveness of individual sins within a person’s heart.
3
a moral example that all are to follow.
4
a forensic act of justification.

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25
The theologian of the Middle Ages who was credited with the substitutionary atonement theory was... 1 Augustine. 2 Aquinas. 3 Anselm. 4 Abelard.
3
26
Augustine’s invention of a person’s “inner space” facilitated a view of Christ that made salvation... 1 more public. 2 a result of a person’s works. 3 either objective or subjective within the individual. 4 the Spirit’s placement of a person into the visible church.
3
27
The diminishing of the public nature of Jesus’ cross over the centuries was mainly facilitated by... 1 Constantine’s Edict of Milan. 2 the persecution of Christians. 3 the sacrament of the Eucharist. 4 Abelard’s moral influence theory of atonement.
1
28
During the Middle Ages, Jesus’ cross came to represent the... 1 evil of the Roman Empire. 2 violence of all humanity. 3 harmony of the universe. 4 church’s place in the world.
3
29
In imperial cult worship, the most important means by which a Roman citizen maintained the favor of the gods was through... 1 prayer. 2 good deeds. 3 love. 4 sacrifice.
4
30
Christians in the early church were executed primarily because they refused to... 1 worship Caesar as one of their gods. 2 render taxes to Caesar. 3 support Caesar’s building campaigns. 4 serve as soldiers in the Roman army.
1
31
Thomas Muentzer’s belief that church and society were virtually synonymous led him to conclude that... 1 the visible church should serve non-Christians as if they were Christians. 2 Christians had the right to kill people with the sword for being false disciples. 3 believers should live as if they were no better than nonbelievers. 4 all people would be saved at the end of time.
2
32
Thomas Aquinas’s Christology was “from above” in that he considered Jesus to be... 1 a Jewish revolutionary who threatened the peace of Rome. 2 the ascended Christ who existed with God from all eternity. 3 the incarnation of the Logos into a real human person in time and space. 4 the fulfillment of all Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah.
2
33
According to our study, Thomas Aquinas’s view of God was... 1 explicitly Trinitarian by its focus on the economy of salvation. 2 virtually nontrinitarian by its focus on God’s one essence being in all creation. 3 transformational by a focus on the Spirit’s work of repentance bringing people to faith. 4 relational by a focus on Jesus’ life of obedience demonstrating true sonship to God.
2
34
The Christology of the Middle Ages largely viewed Jesus’ life as... 1 merely a vehicle leading to a higher spiritual meaning. 2 the historical fulfillment of Israel’s hopes for a Messiah. 3 that of a prophet who received sonship with God at His baptism. 4 a reality that required all people’s repentance because of His death on a cross.
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35
Scholasticism was a method of doing theology known for its... 1 emphasis on knowing the Hebrew and Greek languages of the Bible. 2 desire to limit theology only to what can be known through Scripture. 3 practical application of theology for living the Christian life. 4 endless speculation about the most trivial matters of theology.
4
36
Nominalism was a method of philosophy and theology that believed... 1 an item’s true meaning was in its universal form or idea. 2 an item’s true meaning could not be known. 3 one’s perception of an item determined its meaning. 4 an item had its own particular meaning with no need for a universal meaning.
4
37
According to King Henry VIII, the true representative of Christ over England was the... 1 parish priest over London. 2 archbishop of Canterbury. 3 king himself. 4 pope.
3
38
Huldrych Zwingli’s view of Christ made salvation... 1 an inner work only for those whom God had predestined to receive it. 2 an outward work that became inward through baptism. 3 God’s infusion of faith into the heart of a person devoted to loving Him. 4 a matter of a person’s free choice to receive it by faith.
1
39
Zwingli applied Augustine’s principle of an inward-outward split to... 1 the reading of Scripture and prayer. 2 the husband-and-wife relationship. 3 the sacraments and the work of the Spirit. 4 church worship and preaching.
3
40
In answer to the dilemma of people knowing God through the natural order but that natural order condemning all people to idolatry, John Calvin proposed that... 1 all people would eventually be saved. 2 God predetermined some to receive salvation. 3 many would be saved through the preaching of the gospel. 4 only those who chose to receive Christ by their own free will would be saved.
2
41
John Calvin returned to a focus on Jesus’ office of... 1 priest. 2 healer. 3 prophet. 4 king.
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42
The best term to describe Calvin’s view of the relationship between creation and Christ is... 1 synonymous. 2 antithetical. 3 unnecessary. 4 speculative.
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43
Both the Lutherans and Anabaptists saw faith in Christ as the... 1 completion of God’s creation. 2 reversal of God’s curse. 3 creation of peace and harmony. 4 completion of the Mosaic Law.
2
44
The only thing that Martin Luther believed to avail before God for salvation was a person’s... 1 faith in the truth of God’s promises. 2 commitment to “doing that which is in oneself.” 3 faith that is formed within by love. 4 good works done to prove his or her faith.
1
45
Luther believed that the interpretive key to understanding all of Scripture was... 1 Jesus’ resurrection and ascension to heaven. 2 the Logos’ incarnation into human flesh. 3 the Spirit’s outpouring on the Day of Pentecost. 4 Jesus’ death on a cross.
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Luther saw Scripture’s role as being... 1 its own authority by which people are taught about Christ making disciples. 2 a guidebook describing how people are to model their lives as disciples. 3 the record of God’s revelation through which the Spirit makes disciples of Jesus. 4 the inerrant Word of God that rationally proves Jesus as Lord beyond any dispute.
3
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Luther tended toward more of an Eastern model of the Trinity by insisting that the... 1 Father, Son, and Spirit are three progressive modes of God. 2 priority of God’s one substance reveals God’s three persons. 3 Father is unoriginate and the Son is eternally generating from the Father. 4 one Godhead existing in three persons is compatible with nature.
3
49
As a result of their Christology, Anabaptists believed that the church was to... 1 work closely with governments to ensure their success. 2 be Christ’s new community of witnesses to Christ’s lordship over all. 3 be invisible within the fallen structures of the world. 4 rule over society as its spiritual authority and guide.
2
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The primary difference between the Christus Victor model and other views of Christ is that it... 1 sees Christ as truly God and truly man. 2 is subjective in order to meet the inner spiritual needs of hurting people. 3 believes Christ’s work was first for the world and then for the individual. 4 says Christ’s work applies first to the individual’s salvation and then to the world.
3
51
After the Reformation even the most orthodox churches in the Western tradition tended to follow the heresy of... 1 Docetism. 2 Apollinarianism. 3 Arianism. 4 Nestorianism.
1
52
The Reformation increased the individual’s ability to question the Catholic Church’s idea that... 1 all knowledge was one universal system. 2 the earth was the center of the universe. 3 natural law was the basis of a person’s faith in Christ. 4 the creeds were normative for Christian faith.
1
53
After the Thirty Years’ War, many thought the universal human quality that could bring people of conflicting religious beliefs together in harmony was... 1 love. 2 reason. 3 wisdom. 4 spiritualism.
2
54
René Descartes based his certainty of knowledge on... 1 the truth of Scripture. 2 the stability of Catholic tradition. 3 his ability to doubt. 4 revelation from God’s Spirit.
3
55
Blaise Pascal rejected Descartes’s view of knowledge by saying that... 1 knowing God is possible only through faith in Jesus Christ. 2 a person must abandon human reason to believe in Jesus Christ. 3 human reason makes faith in Jesus Christ possible. 4 faith in God is not at all reasonable.
1
56
During the seventeenth century, the doctrine attacked the most concerned Jesus’... 1 vicarious atonement. 2 spiritual power. 3 divine nature. 4 human nature.
3
57
Schleiermacher attempted to overcome the split within a person between.... 1 righteous and unrighteous. 2 spirit and flesh. 3 working and resting. 4 intellect and emotion.
4
58
Schleiermacher believed and used natural theology in a way that... 1 rejected any useful notion of God within a person. 2 affirmed every human’s consciousness of God. 3 said any self-knowledge of God was a product of God’s curse. 4 rejected Augustine’s idea that the Fall was only the loss of perfection.
2
59
In response to increasing skepticism, many theologians began to rest their certainty of faith in Christ on the... 1 narrative of God’s revelation. 2 text of the inerrant Scripture. 3 church’s testimony of Jesus. 4 traditions handed down by other Christians.
2
60
Enlightenment rationalism’s most lasting effect on Western universities’ view of Scripture was its... 1 renewed emphasis on Scripture as the Word of God. 2 claim that Scripture was factually true and provable. 3 disregard for Scripture as embodying God’s revelation of himself. 4 renewed belief in Scripture as Spirit‑anointed.
3
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Schleiermacher’s theology resembled Augustine’s in his belief that... 1 no person can think of the God as described in Scripture. 2 all of God’s image and likeness was lost at the Fall. 3 the Spirit must work repentance in individuals for them to know God. 4 every person has an inner awareness of God before knowing Jesus Christ.
4
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Spinoza’s theory of knowledge influenced biblical interpretation by making truth... 1 only what is verified by a person’s inner perception. 2 what is determined by church tradition. 3 only what agrees with Jesus’ teachings. 4 what each church community decides it to be.
1
63
According to Spinoza, the highest form of truth to which people can attain is... 1 biblical truth. 2 church doctrine. 3 God’s revelation. 4 human philosophy.
4
64
David Strauss believed the Gospel writers wrote according to... 1 their collections of eyewitness accounts. 2 myths they created in their imaginations. 3 their abilities to write true historical stories. 4 Spirit-anointed perspectives of Jesus’ life.
2
65
Peter Berger said the heretical imperative caused people in Western societies to... 1 finally have real freedom to be Christians. 2 have personal freedom in all things except religion. 3 be in a continual state of choosing everything about their own lives. 4 be able to discern heresies about Christology.
3
66
Gotthold Lessing believed Christianity to essentially be... 1 a more rapid perfecting of human morality. 2 the community of Christ’s disciples. 3 the result of the Spirit’s work of transformation. 4 a “crutch” to make people feel better about themselves.
1
67
For Soren Kierkegaard, Jesus’ death on a cross was meant to be... 1 God’s greatest expression of love. 2 an offense to the way humans think. 3 more of what people naturally want. 4 a person’s mystical union with the divine.
2
68
Kierkegaard considered the greatest obstacle to true Christian faith to be... 1 human pride’s rejection of Jesus’ cross. 2 Christians’ ignorance about theology. 3 a Christianity sponsored by the state. 4 the lack of money for Christian education.
3
69
The church of the past few centuries handed down the need for a Christology to... 1 appeal more to people in Western cultures. 2 provide more education for its ministers. 3 attempt to explain the Nicene Creed. 4 heal the split between Jesus and Christ.
4
70
Karl Barth believed a person became a Christian by... 1 learning to recite the Nicene Creed. 2 going through the church’s catechism. 3 first learning about God through nature. 4 having the Word of God spoken to him or her.
4
71
The new form of Docetism produced by Schleiermacher’s theology was one that... 1 said Christ’s humanity was an illusion. 2 made Christ’s humanity agreeable to all people. 3 believed Jesus’ humanity to be sinful. 4 believed Jesus’ humanity ended at His baptism.
2
72
Albrecht Ritschl believed people came to Christian faith solely through... 1 ongoing transformation by the Spirit of Christ. 2 the church as Christ’s community. 3 the supernatural power of God. 4 reasoning by their intellect.
2
73
Karl Barth’s analogy of faith was one in which... 1 God is known through the revelation of Jesus. 2 natural theology can eventually lead a person to know Christ. 3 creation culminated in Jesus’ incarnation into human flesh. 4 God and humanity differ only in degree.
1
74
Karl Barth believed a person’s faith in Jesus... 1 must be supported by other disciplines of knowledge. 2 needs to be filtered with other forms of knowledge. 3 has no relationship to secular knowledge. 4 must be the beginning and source of all other disciplines of knowledge.
4
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The approach that begins with the kind of life Jesus lived as a way to explain His identity with the Father as one in the Spirit is called... 1 Immanent Christology. 2 Logos Christology. 3 Spirit Christology. 4 Two Natures Christology.
3
76
According to John Howard Yoder, the “believers’ church” reads Scripture... 1 directionally. 2 systematically. 3 critically. 4 literally.
1
77
The idea that Scripture must interpret itself is based on the belief that... 1 humanity can know God only through God’s revealing himself to them. 2 humanity can know God through their intuition. 3 the meaning conveyed by the Bible languages cannot be fully translated. 4 all human religions have the same basic understanding of the God of Scripture.
1
78
According to Pentiuc, the terms image and likeness of God refer to... 1 two separate things: what a person possesses and what a person achieves. 2 what humans lost and retained as a result of the Fall. 3 humans’ relational responsibility to God, creation, and each other. 4 humanity’s possession of God’s divine qualities.
3
79
The creation account of Adam and Eve clearly shows a... 1 need for each person to assert his or her individual identity. 2 harmonious, mutual relationship of headship and submission. 3 hierarchy in which Adam was in complete authority over Eve. 4 lack of individual autonomy or free will.
2
80
According to the IST, the curse God put on the serpent primarily referred to... 1 Jesus’ death and resurrection. 2 a curse on snakes to crawl on their bellies. 3 a continuous conflict between Satan and humanity. 4 Eve’s son as one who would kill snakes.
3
81
As established in Scripture, the most significant aspect of Abraham’s life was his... 1 obeying God. 2 knowing about God. 3 searching for God. 4 believing in God.
4
82
The most basic definition of the Hebrew word Messiah is... 1 “Spirit-filled.” 2 “Yahweh’s Anointed.” 3 “High Priest.” 4 “Christ.”
2
83
David’s failure to live up to the depiction of Israel’s ideal king primarily suggests that... 1 God did not intend for David to live an ideal godly life. 2 no human could ever expect to follow the Spirit’s perfect leading. 3 Israel’s future kingly Messiah would have the Spirit’s full indwelling. 4 God did not intend David to be king in the first place.
3
84
In Psalms 22 and 69, David shows that Israel’s true King will one day... 1 deliver His people in the midst of their suffering. 2 bring all people of the world to salvation. 3 prove His power by making all nations serve Israel. 4 punish Israel by dispersing them through all other nations.
1
85
By the second century BC, Israel came to regard the “Son of Man” as referring to... 1 a fully human person. 2 the reigning king over Israel. 3 a true shepherd over Israel’s scattered flock. 4 an eschatological heavenly figure.
4
86
To Luke, Jesus was the Son of God with the mission of establishing God’s kingdom primarily because of the... 1 work of the Spirit within Him. 2 prophecies foretold about Him. 3 proclamation given by Gabriel. 4 testimony of John the Baptist and others.
1
87
Israel had difficulty accepting God’s promise to restore an heir to King David’s throne because... 1 they remembered all of King David’s moral failures. 2 God’s promise also pointed to a Servant suffering for Israel’s sins. 3 the Jerusalem temple was in a state of disrepair. 4 it seemed impossible that all of Israel could be united.
2
88
John the Baptist’s message about the Messiah-King focused on the themes of... 1 love and reconciliation. 2 repentance and judgment. 3 unity and the future church. 4 the Law and grace.
2
89
The temptation in the wilderness was primarily Satan’s attempt to get Jesus to... 1 claim His rightful place as Second Person of the Trinity. 2 take care of His own fleshly needs rather than the needs of others. 3 become a king in the way of earthly kings instead of in God’s way. 4 show His power as a sign that He was truly the Son of God.
3
90
Peter did not understand Jesus’ mission as the Messiah because he did not accept the reality of Jesus'... 1 resurrection. 2 miracles. 3 full divinity. 4 suffering and death.
4
91
In claiming to cast out demons “by the finger of God,” Jesus was saying that He... 1 could manipulate God. 2 commanded more power than God. 3 had unity with His Father God. 4 had no relationship with God, only use of His power.
3
92
The nature of Jesus’ mission as the kingly Messiah Son of God is one that... 1 all people can understand from learning about human nature and creation. 2 only those predetermined by God from all eternity are able to believe. 3 builds on people’s basic goodness and their desire to believe. 4 requires the Holy Spirit to work repentance in order for people to believe.
4
93
When Jesus cleansed the temple, He was... 1 claiming rightful authority over it. 2 claiming to start a revolution. 3 trying to restore it to its former glory. 4 trying to provoke His enemies.
1
94
In 1 Corinthians 15, Paul indicates that believers in Jesus will be raised from the dead because... 1 they had enough faith in this life to merit being raised. 2 they performed a sufficient number of good deeds. 3 Jesus poured out the Spirit so they would believe in resurrection. 4 Jesus was raised from the dead as the firstfruits.
4
95
According to the IST, separating the Holy Spirit from the life of Jesus commonly results in... 1 the Spirit’s work becoming only a subjective feeling or experience. 2 a preson’s greater understanding of the Spirit’s work in the world. 3 the Spirit’s becoming merely a teacher of doctrine. 4 the fullness of the doctrine of the Trinity becoming more visible.
1
96
The Spirit’s work on the Day of Pentecost involved... 1 establishing a church structure to bring order. 2 establishing a new community open to all people. 3 providing an extension of Israel’s temple worship. 4 bringing about the destruction of Jerusalem’s temple.
2
97
Jesus’ command to make other disciples was based on... 1 His divine nature. 2 a transfer of authority. 3 a desire for the church’s success. 4 His disciples’ lack of formal education.
2
98
The IST states that faith in Jesus as Lord involves both belief in a person’s heart and... 1 an increase in his or her self-worth. 2 openness to theological truth. 3 confession with his or her mouth. 4 assurance in his or her mind.
3
99
According to the sermons in Acts, the fact that Jesus is Lord is evidenced primarily by... 1 His fulfilling the Old Testament prophecies. 2 His dying sacrificially on a cross. 3 God’s raising Him from the dead. 4 the church’s growing through the spread of the gospel.
3
100
Those who will be eternally with God in the New Jerusalem overcome the accuser through... 1 Jesus’ blood and their testimony. 2 rebukes and resistance. 3 binding and loosing things on earth. 4 their refusal to let him influence their lives.
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According to the IST, people can know that Christ has defeated the worldly powers only through... 1 study of the Scriptures. 2 self-awareness of their failures. 3 the church’s control over society. 4 the message of Jesus’ death and resurrection.
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