Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RUSVM Small Animal Surgery > Upper Airway > Flashcards

Upper Airway Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

when is nasal planum recection used

A

Nasal Neoplasia - SCC

complete or unilateral removal of the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

most common complication with nasal planum resection

A

local recurrence due to imcomplete excision

esp in dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what type of suture technique is used to decrease the size of the wound and allow healing by second intention with nasal planum resections

A

purse-string

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

complications associated with nasal planum resection

A

dehiscence - tension on flaps

stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what happened to this dog

A

Nasal Planectomy and Maxillectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

common surgical conditions of the nasal cavity

A

nasopharyngeal stenosis

trauma (i.e gunshot)

neoplasia (adenocarcinoma, SCC, lymphoma, MCT, polyps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

important diagnostic for nasal disease

A

CT

other diagnostics include: MDB, thoracic rads, sedated oral exam, skull/dental rads, MRI, rhinoscopy, cytology, biopsy, fungal/BacT culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when should rhinoscopy and nasopharyngoscopy be performed

A

AFTER imaging

guided or blind biopsies

BacT culture unlikely helpful - PCR for Bartonella and Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

types of nasal surgery

A

Rhinotomy - Dorsal (most common) and Ventral

Sinusotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

risks and complications of nasal surgery

A

hemorrhage (dorsal, lateral and major palantine arteries)

flap necrosis

oronasal fistula

dehiscence

stenosis of airway

incomplete resection/local recurrence (neoplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary components of brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

elongated soft palate

stenotic nares

shortened, flattened nasal cavity

+/- hypoplastic trachea (can’t fix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

secondary/acquired components of brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

everted laryngeal saccules/stage I laryngea collapse

pharyngeal/laryngeal mucosal edema

tonsillar eversion

macroglossia

stage II/III laryngeal collapse

tracheal collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pathophysiology of upper airway obstructive disease

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the most common component of brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

elongated soft pallate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

elongated soft pallate results mainly in ______

A

inspiratory dyspnea - STERTOR!

extension into rima glottidis - severe obstruction, loss of protective laryngeal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

air passage through nasal cavities accounts for _____ of airway resistance

A

air passage through nasal cavities accounts for 76.5% of airway resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stage I largyngeal collapse

A

everyted laryngeal saccules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stage II laryngeal collapse

A

collapse of cuniforme cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stage III laryneal collapse

A

collapse of corniculate cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stage II and III laryngeal collapse results in …

A

loss of cartilage rigidity - chondromalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hypoplastic trachea

A

irregular, thick/firm cartilage rings

overlap of rings

increased airflow resistance

common in english bulldogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GI comorbidities with brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

reguritation

vomitting

hiatal hernias

pyloric hypertrophy

ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why is it important to diagnose GI comorbidites in BAS dogs

A

can have lesions and clinical signs go undetected by owners

risk factor for aspiration pneumonia in pre and peri-operative peroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CV changes with BAS

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
signalment for BAS
~2-3 years (younger in english bulldogs) M \> F breeds - depends on region of country
26
mild/moderate BAS clinical presentation
exercise intollerance increased noise, "snoring," "snuffing," reverse sneezing +/- GI signs may have mild secondary changes
27
severe clinical presentation of BAS
present on emergent basis in acute resp distress +/- heat stroke +/- GI signs +/- lower airway disease (non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia) likely to have numberous significant secondary changes
28
DDx of BAS
space occupying mass of upper airway ## Footnote *neoplasia, abscess, granuloma, foreign body, epiglottic retroversion*
29
diagnosis of BAS
**upper airway exam under light anesthesia** +ALSO+ thoracic radiographs +/- lateral cervical views, abdominal rads, blood work
30
what drugs should be avoided when performing a sedated upper airway exam
ketamine diazepam (midazolam ?) large does of pure µ agonist *drugs that affect laryngeal function!!*
31
what drugs can be used in upper airway exam
propofo +/- butorphanol or buprenophine ## Footnote *can utilize doxapram @ 1.1 mg/kg to imporve rate and strength of respiration* ***use same protocol every time - have a set plan so know how to address complications***
32
possible thoracic radiograph findings with BAS
Rt heart enlargement assess for hypoplastic trachea (tracheal lumen:thoracic inlet ratio) non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema aspiration pneumonia hiatal hernia megaesophagus
33
whats included in the upper airway exam
tonsils soft palate arytenoid cartilages (symmetry/evidence of collapse, everted saccules) additional - laryngeal function, mucosal lesions, excess mucous/saliva, masses evaluate nares
34
when is treatment necessary with BAS
presence of any of the components of BAS *- upper airway exam of brachycephalic dogs at time of spay/neuter; early surgical intervention to prevent secondary changes* any animal presenting with clinical signs of BAS
35
surgical treatment of laryngeal collapse
stage I - excision of everted laryngeal saccules stage II - above + vocal fold excision, partial arytenoidectomy stage III - permanent tracheostomy
36
per-operative considerations for BAS
Gi protectants and promotility agents anti-inflammatories anti-emetic at time of pre-medication for anesthesia pre-oxygenation prior to induction
37
T/F endotracheal intubation of BAS it is important to ensure cuff is adequately inflated
**True** ## Footnote *high volume, low pressure - protect trachea*
38
which soft pallate resection technique is easier for novices to perform
clamp (crush) technique ## Footnote *most traumatic*
39
what are some advantages of the laser freehand technique of soft pallate resection
rapid virtually no blood loss; excellent visualization minimal post-op inflammation reduced post-op discomfort
40
complications of palatectomy
acute: hemorrhage, inflammation chronic: undershortening (redo), overshortening (nasal reflux, aspiration)
41
T/F when excising everted laryngeal saccules, small (4-0/5-0) absorbable suture should be used with a double layer closure
**False** *excise with scissors and let it heal by second intention*
42
complication with arytenoidectomy and ventriculochordectomy
"webbing" or stricture ## Footnote * avoided by: NOT cutting to the ventral and dorsal extents of the corniculate processes and vocal folds* * this is also a complication for vocal fold excision for debarking*
43
what is a salvage procedure for stage III collapse
permanent tracheostomy ## Footnote *considerations: hypoplastic trachea, loose skin folds*
44
why are there so many techniques to correct stenotic nares
severity of collapse static vs dynamic collpase cosmetic appearance - least important
45
techniques for correcting stenotic nares
wedge resection (horizontal, vertical, dorsolateral) amputation (alar wing +/- alar fold) alapexy
46
when can a unilateral arytenoid lateralization be used
only in cases of laryngeal paralysis and if adequate cartilage rigidity is present
47
medical treatment of BAS
weight loss environmental changes (cool environment, activity changes, exposure of respiratory irritants) harness treat underlying GI disease **should be instituted for every brachycephalic patient!**
48
severe post-operative complications
pharyngeal swelling vomitting reguritation **Aspiration pneumonia**
49
T/F there is no single component of BAS associated with pooer outcome
**True**
50
treatment of epiglottic retroversion
pexy of ventral aspect of epiglottis and the dorsal base of the tongue
51
clinical signs of laryngeal disease
respiratory stridor exercise intollerance gagging/dysphagia dysphonia coughing dyspnea that does not improve with open mouth breathing
52
T/F rottweilers have onsets of clinical signs with congenital laryngeal paralysis at younger ages that huskies, bull terriers, dalmations and bouvier de flanders
**True** rottweilers - 11-13 weeks of age other breeds - before 1 year
53
what is the most common cause of acquired laryngeal paralysis
**idiopathic** *other causes: hypothyroidism, truama, immune mediated (m. gravis), infectious, toxins (lead, organophosphates)*
54
T/F you should be prepaired to proceed immediately with further diagnositics or surgery based on findings of laryngeal exam
**True**
55
surgical treatment of laryngeal paralysis
unilateral arytenoid lateralization
56
what can be used to help acheive appropriate abduction with unilateral arytenoid lateralization
oversized ET tube ## Footnote *careful: excessive tension may increase risk of aspiration pneumonia due to poor wpiglottic coverage of rima glottidis*
57
post op care with unilateral arytenoid lateralization
maintain ET tube until sufficiently awake avoid heavy sedation/ med that may induce vomitting NPO 24 hrs post op monitor for signs of aspiration pneumonia (hyperthermia, C+, dyspnea, increased respiratory effort, arterial and venous blood gas and rads to confirm Dx)
58
complications associated with unilateral arytenoid lateralization
**aspiration pneumonia** recurrent or persistent signs (may require Sx on contralateral side) seroma, intramural hematoma, coughing, gagging, dysphagia
59
T/F some phonation ability may persist/return overtime with devocalization (ventriculocordectomy) procedure
**True**
60
what type of approach is taken with a ventriculocordectomy
transoral and ventral
61
why is it important to leave 1-2 mm ventral cord intact with venticulocordectomy
decreases the risk of webbing

RUSVM Small Animal Surgery (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions