Upper and Lower Ariways Structure

Question 1

what is normal breathing

Answer 1

obligate nasal breathing

Question 2

what do anterior nares open into

Answer 2

enlarged vestibules

Question 3

what is the purpose of turbines

Answer 3

double surface area of nasal sinus

Question 4

what are the nasal sinuses

Answer 4

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

Question 5

what is the innervation of the frontal sinus

Answer 5

CN V

Question 6

where does the maxillary sinus open into

Answer 6

middle meatus

Question 7

how does the maxillary sinus drain into the nasal cavity

Answer 7

through hiatus semilunaris

Question 8

where does the ethmoid sinus drain

Answer 8

semilunar hiatus of middle meatus

Question 9

what is the innervation of the ethmoid sinus

Answer 9

V1 and V2

Question 10

what is the innervation of sphenoid sinus

Answer 10

V1

Question 11

where does the sphenoid sinus drain

Answer 11

into Sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 12

what are the 3 components of the pharynx

Answer 12

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngo/ hypopharynx

Question 13

what are the 3 single cartilages of the larynx

Answer 13

epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid

Question 14

what are the 3 double cartilages of the larynx

Answer 14

cuneiform, coriculate, arytenoid

Question 15

what does the arytenoid cartilage attach to

Answer 15

vocal cords

Question 16

what nerve provides majority of motor function to larynx

Answer 16

recurrent laryngeal nerve - everywhere except cricothyroid

Question 17

what nerve provides sensation to the infraglottis

Answer 17

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 18

what does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do

Answer 18

provides sensory innervation to supraglottis

Question 19

what does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do

Answer 19

provides motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle

Question 20

describe the passage of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 20

lateral to arch of aorta, under aorta ascends between trachea and oeophagus

Question 21

describe the path of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 21

follows r subclavian in plane between trachea and oesophagus

Question 22

describe the division of the trachea

Answer 22

trachea to main bronchi to lobar bronchi to segmental bronchi to respiratory bronchiole to terminal bronchiole to alveolar ducts to alveoli

Question 23

how many divisions are there from trachea to alveoli

Answer 23

24

Question 24

where does the trachea extend between

Answer 24

larynx C6 to carina T5

Question 25

what is the epithelium of the trachea

Answer 25

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells and muscocilliary clearance

Question 26

which main bronchi is more vertically disposed

Answer 26

right main bronchi

Question 27

what part of the respiratory path has greatest restriction to airflow

Answer 27

respiratory bronchiole

Question 28

what is an acinus

Answer 28

final functional unit that comprises respiratory bronchiole and alveoli

Question 29

what do the pores of Kohn do

Answer 29

interconnection between alveoli

Question 30

what makes up the conducting part of the airways

Answer 30

trachea to respiratory bronchioles - no gas exchange

Question 31

what makes up the respiratory part of the airways

Answer 31

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli - gas exchange

Question 32

what makes up alveoli

Answer 32

type I and II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, basement membrane, interstitial tissue, capillary endothelial cells

Question 33

what does sympathetic innervation of the lung cause

Answer 33

bronchodilation

Question 34

what does parasympathetic innervation of the lung cause

Answer 34

bronchoconstriction

Question 35

what sensation does the visceral pleura have

Answer 35

autonomic

Question 36

what sensation does the parietal pleural transmit

Answer 36

pain

Question 37

what arteries supply rhe lungs

Answer 37

bronchial arteries

Question 38

how many lobes does the right lung have

Answer 38

3

Question 39

what fissures does the right lung have

Answer 39

horizontal and oblique

Question 40

how many lobes does the left lung have

Answer 40

2

Question 41

what fissures does the left lung have

Answer 41

oblique

Question 42

what is the purpose of the respiratory pump

Answer 42

generates negative intra-alveolar pressure

Question 43

what is transpulmonary pressure

Answer 43

pressure difference between inside and outside of lunsg

Question 44

how is transpulomary pressure calculated

Answer 44

alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

Question 45

what is alveolar pressure

Answer 45

air in pulmonary alveoli

Question 46

what is intrapleural pressure

Answer 46

pressure in pleural space (also called intrathoracic pressure)

Question 47

how is intrapleural/ intrathoracic pressure genertaed

Answer 47

due to visceral pleura adhering to parietal pleura

Question 48

what is the purpose of intrapleural/ intrathoracic pressure

Answer 48

opposes elastic recoil of lungs, keeps lungs attached to thoracic wall and diaphragm so keeps them partially inflated

Question 49

what muscles are invoved in forced expiration

Answer 49

internal intercostals

Question 50

what is respiratory epithelium

Answer 50

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 51

what is the function of respiratory epithelium

Answer 51

barrier, moisten and protect airways

Question 52

what does mucus from respiratory epithelium contain

Answer 52

antibodies | it is also sticky; so ciliary escalator works

Question 53

what initiates acute inflammation in tissue

Answer 53

epithelial production of hydrogen peroxide which is amplified by specialise macrophages

Question 54

what granules do neutrophils contain

Answer 54

primary and secondary granules

Question 55

what do primary granules in neutrophils contain

Answer 55

myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsisn, defensins

Question 56

what do secondary granules in neutrophils contain

Answer 56

receptors, lysosomes, colagenease

Question 57

give an overview of the process of alveolar macrophages

Answer 57

identify threat, activation, adhesion, migration/ chemotaxis, phagocytosis, bacterial killing

Question 58

describe activation of alveolar macrophages

Answer 58

stimulus response coupling stimulates transduction pathways involving ca2+, protein kinases, phospholipids and G-proteins

Question 59

how does bacterial killing in alveolar macrophages occur

Answer 59

lysosomal enzymes and ROS generated by NADPH oxidase

Question 60

describe the composition of mucous

Answer 60

viscoelastic gel contain water, COH, proteins and lipids

Question 61

where are cough receptors located

Answer 61

larynx, trachea and bronchi

Question 62

what is the afferent innervation of the cough reflex

Answer 62

CN 5 and 9 and 10 and superior laryngeal

Question 63

what is the efferent innevraiton of the cough reflex

Answer 63

recurrent laryngeal and spinal nerves

Question 64

what is the interaction between alcohol and the cough reflex

Answer 64

inhibits the cough reflex to alcoholics are more susceptible to choking and pneumonia

Question 65

describe the cough reflex process

Answer 65

stimulation f medullary inspiratory neurones reflexly leads to deep inspiration epiglottis closes and vocal cords shut tightly to trap air in lungs abdominal muscles contract forcefully and contract against diaphragm internal intercostal muscles contract forcefully increased in inrathoracic pressure leads to narrowing of trachea vocal cords/ epiglottis suddenly open wide

Question 66

describe the effect of the large pressure difference generated in the cough reflex

Answer 66

rapid flow through trachea, air expelled, particles/ secretions moved from smaller to larger airways, aspiration of material into lungs is prevented