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Anatomy and Physiology ll > upper digestive system and the monogastric stomach > Flashcards

upper digestive system and the monogastric stomach Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the digestive system

A
  • a collection of organs/tubes that take in, ingest and absorb food
  • runs from mouth to anus
  • lined by mucus membranes
  • contain focally specialized structures (eg: stomach)
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2
Q

what is the function of the GIT?

A
  • to breakdown foodstuff into absorbable nutrients to fuel the body
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3
Q

what are the primary components of the GIT?

A
  • mouth/oral cavity
    -pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum)
  • anus
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4
Q

what are the accessory components of the GIT?

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • gall bladder
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5
Q

what are the processes/functions of the digestive system? (5)

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanical and chemical digestion
  • peristalsis
  • absorption of nutrients
  • defecation/elimination
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6
Q

describe mechanical digestion

A
  • breaking down food molecules by muscular contractions or physical grinding
  • increases the SA of the molecules which aids chemical digestion
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7
Q

describe chemical digestion

A
  • molecules are broken down by enzymes
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8
Q

describe peristalsis

A
  • wavelike contraction of smooth muscle
  • longitudinal muscles
  • increases the speed of food passage
  • is found throughout the GIT
  • primary action is in the esophagus
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9
Q

describe segmentation

A
  • smooth muscle contractions that squish the GIT to help mix and break down food
  • moves contents back and forth
  • slows down the passage of food
  • is the primary action in the SI (also the LI)
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10
Q

what are the three types of diets?

A
  • herbivore
  • carnivore
  • omnivore
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11
Q

how many layers are in the walls of the GIT?

A

4

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12
Q

what are the layers of the GIT wall? (4)

A
  1. mucosa
  2. sub-mucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
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13
Q

describe the mucosa layer of the GIT wall

A
  • layer closest to the lumen
  • 3 sub-layers (epithelium, lamina propria, mucosae)
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14
Q

describe the layers of the mucosa layer of the GIT walls

A
  1. Epithelium: stratified squamous and simple columnar
  2. Lamina Propria: is a thin and flat layer of connective tissue
  3. muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle
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15
Q

describe the submucosa layer of the GIT wall

A
  • loose connective tissue
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16
Q

describe the muscularis externa

A
  • 2-3 layers of smooth muscle (depending on the location)
    1. oblique muscle (stomach has 3 layers)
  1. circular layers
  2. longitudinal muscle
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17
Q

describe the serosa layer of the GIT wall

A
  • loose connective tissue
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18
Q

what does the mouth mix into the food?

A

saliva

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19
Q

what are the functions of the mouth? (5)

A
  • prehension
  • mastication
  • salivation
  • bolus formation
  • taste
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20
Q

where are taste receptors found?

A
  • they are enclosed in gustatory papillae on the tongue
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21
Q

what are the major salivary glands? (4)

A
  • parotid
  • mandibular
  • sublingual
  • zygomatic
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22
Q

describe the hard pallet

A
  • forms the bony roof of the anterior portion of the mouth
  • separates the digestive and respiratory tract
  • has prominent ridges (rugae) develop from lateral bone fusion
  • a defect in the hard pallet is a cleft pallet
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23
Q

describe the soft pallet

A
  • foud caudal to the hard pallet
  • elongated, fleshy
  • separates the oral cavity from the pharynx (oropharynx from nasopharynx)
  • defect: may be elongated (noisy breathing)
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24
Q

describe the gustatory papillae

A
  • taste buds (bitter, sweet,
  • are raised projections on the dorsal surface of the tongue
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25
what are the different shapes of gustatory papillae? (5)
- foliate - fungiform - vallate/circumvallate - filiform - conical
26
describe the foliate taste bud
- leaf shaped (think foliage) - found on the lateral borders of the tongue (parallel to the lingual mucosa)
27
describe the fungiform taste bud
- mushroom shaped - is scattered among filiform papillar on the surface of the tongue
28
describe vallate taste buds
- large, circular projections surrounded by a cleft - contain mucus glands in the horse
29
what are the 2 types of mechanical taste buds?
- filiform - conical
30
what do the mechanical taste buds help with?
- lapping and grooming
31
describe the filiform papillae
- thorn-shaped - help direct food toward the pharynx - used for lapping and grooming
32
describe the conical papillae
- cone shaped - larger than filiform papillae - called lenticular papillae in ruminants
33
describe the lingual frenulum
- fold of connective tissue - found ventral to the surface of the tongue - holds the tongue to the floor of the mouth
34
what are the 2 types of cels that produce fluid in the salivary gland(s)
- serous: secretes a clear-containing watery fluid that begins digestion - mucus: secrete a thick, protective layer of mucus onto mucous membranes, helps to form food into bolus for swallowing
35
what is a salivary mucocele?
- a collection of saliva that has leaked from a damaged salivary gland/duct and has accumulated in the tissues
36
describe the parotid salivary gland
- found ventral to the ear - duct enters the mouth near the upper 3rd and 4th premolars
37
describe the mandibular salivary gland
- found ventral to the parotid salivary gland - caudal to the midline - often covered by the parotid - duct enters ventral to the tongue
38
describe the sublingual gland
- found ventro-lateral to the tongue - is buried in the floor of the mouth - there are multiple ducts that enter the mouth at this point
39
describe the zygomatic gland
- lies in the floor of the orbit of the eye - opens by means of a small duct into the posterolateral portion of the roof of the mouth - difficult to find without removing the eye
40
describe the pharynx
- common passageway for the GIT and the respiratory tract - is an intersection for safe passage of food, water, and air - can lead to choking, aspiration pneumonia, and middle ear blockage
41
describe the epiglottis
- cartilaginous, triangular flap - found at the entrance to the larynx, in the pharynx - its FUNCTION is to correctly direct food, fluids, and air (preventing aspiration, chocking, and regurgitation) - during swallowing, it moves cauda-dorsally to cover the laryngeal opening to the airway
42
describe the esophagus
- collapsed muscular tube - located dorsal to the trachea - located between the pharynx and the cardia of the stomach (stomach opening) - distensible but can obstruct - delivers food to the stomach via peristalsis - can get megaesophagus, tear, get damaged, or herniate
43
describe the hiatus esophagus
- the area in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes from the thorax to the abdomen - is susceptible to tearing (resulting in hiatus hernia)
44
describe the monogastric stomach
- simple stomach - has one main compartment (is essentially an expanded tube) - has inner folds called rugae - has an acidic pH - entrance is the cardiac sphincter - exit is the pyloric sphincter - is internally subdivided by primary means of digestion - in the stomach, both mechanical and chemical digestion occurs
45
in the monogastric shomach what is responsible for mechanical digestion?
- mixing - breakdown
46
in the monogastric stomach, what is responsible for chemical digestion?
- HCl acid - enzymes
47
what are the 5 areas of the stomach?
- cardia - fundus - body - antrum
48
describe the cardia
- is the entrance to the stomach - the cardiac sphincter helps prevent acid reflux (prevent heartburn) - produces mucus
49
describe the fundus
- distensible (stretchy, expands up) - glandular
50
describe the body of the stomach
- the middle of the stomach - distensible - glandular
51
describe the pyloric antrum
- grinds food - glandular
52
describe the pylorus
- thickened wall - is a muscular sphincter produces mucus - is the exit of the stomach (regulates unidirectional movement of chyme into the SI)
53
describe chyme
- semi-liquid homogenous meterial released from the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine
54
what are the external divisions of the stomach?
- greater curvature (longest continuous uninterrupted border) - lesser curvature (inner border between the cardia and pylorus)
55
where in the abdomen is the stomach found?
in the caudal section and to the left
56
what are the different cells found in the monogastric stomach? (4)
- mucus neck cells - chief cells - parietal cell - endocrine 'G cells'
57
where does true digestion begin?
the stomach
58
describe the mucus neck cells
- found in the stomach - secrete mucus - exocrine - if not there can lead to stomach ulcers
59
describe chief cells
- monogastric stomach cell - exocrine - produce enzyme pepsinogen (which converts to pepsin in the presence of HCl)
60
describe the parietal cells
- monogastric stomach cell - exocrine - produce hydrochloric acid
61
which cells in the stomach produces pepsinogen?
chief cells
62
which stomach cell produces HCl?
parietal cells
63
which stomach cell produces gastrin?
- endocrine cells

Anatomy and Physiology ll (4 decks)

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