Upper GI

Question 1

Alimentary canal extends from :

Answer 1

oral cavity to
anus

Question 2

Breakdown of food occurs in 5 phases—

Answer 2

ingestion, fragmentation, digestion,
absorption, & elimination

Question 3

Ingestion occurs in oral cavity, accompanied by
___

Answer 3

fragmentation

Question 4

Ingestion occurs in oral cavity, accompanied by
fragmentation; results in ___

Answer 4

bolus formation

Question 5

Stomach completes fragmentation & initiates
___

Answer 5

digestion

Question 6

Contractions of smooth Mm in stomach =>

Answer 6

peristalsis

Question 7

Contractions of smooth Mm => peristalsis; under
___ control

Answer 7

autonomic

Question 8

In duodenum, pancreatic & biliary secretions =>

Answer 8

emulsification of fat

Question 9

In jejunum & ileum, primary ___

Answer 9

absorption of
nutrients

Question 10

In colon, ____ of water & elimination of
___

Answer 10

resorption ; waste

Question 11

anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

Answer 11

Lingual frenulum

Question 12

A too short frenulum –

Answer 12

ankyloglossia or tongue-tied.

Question 13

GI Tube: Muscular tube lined by
___

Answer 13

mucus membrane

Question 14

Large #’s of glands
associated with tract,
e.g., liver, gallbladder,
pancreas & intestinal
glands; embryological
outgrowths of GI tract

Answer 14

true

Question 15

Diffuse lymphoid tissue
(____) scattered
throughout GI tract

Answer 15

MALT, GALT

Question 16

Gi tract is made of 4 tissue layers:

Answer 16

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (adventitia)

Question 17

Mucosa has 3 overall
functions:

Answer 17

protection,
secretion & absorption

Question 18

Mucosa Subdivided into 3 layers:

Answer 18

epithelium, lamina propria, &
muscularis mucosae

Question 19

The mucosa surrounds the ___ of the GI tract and consists of an epithelial cell
layer supported by a thin layer of connective tissue known as the lamina propria.

Answer 19

lumen

Question 20

The ____ is a thin layer of smooth muscle that supports the mucosa
and provides it with the ability to move and fold.

Answer 20

muscularis mucosa

Question 21

GI tract: The greatest structural variations occur in the ___

Answer 21

mucosal layers

Question 22

There are four distinct types of mucosal variations

Answer 22

protective muscosa, secretory muscosa, absorptive mucosa, absorptive/protective mucosa

Question 23

___ mucosa is characterized by a stratified squamous epithelium. It is
found in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal.

Answer 23

Protective muscos

Question 24

__ mucosa contains cells that are responsible for the secretion of
digestive enzymes. It is found exclusively in the stomach.

Answer 24

Secretory mucosa

Question 25

___ mucosa contains two key structures, crypts and villi, and is responsible primarily for absorbing digested nutrients. It is found along the entirety of the small intestine.

Answer 25

Absorptive mucosa

Question 26

Absorptive mucosa contains two key structures:

Answer 26

crypts and villi

Question 27

____ mucosa specializes in water absorption and mucous secretion. It is found in the large intestine.

Answer 27

Absorptive/protective mucosa

Question 28

At four points along the tract, the mucosa undergoes abrupt transition from one form to another:

Answer 28

the gastro-esophageal junction, the gastroduodenal junction, the ileocecal junction and the anorectal junction.

Question 29

(secretory mucosa) ___—different modifications at different levels of GI tract

Answer 29

epithelium

Question 30

(secretory mucosa) _____— underlying connective tissue; contains lymphoid nodules, glands, blood vessels & lymphatics

Answer 30

lamina propria

Question 31

(secretory mucosa) ____— thin layer of smooth Mm; boundary between mucosa & submucosa

Answer 31

muscularis mucosae

Question 32

The ___ is a thick connective tissue layer that contains arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves.

Answer 32

submucosa

Question 33

The ___ surrounds the submucosa and is composed of two muscle layers, the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. These two layers move perpendicularly to one another and form the basis of peristalsis

Answer 33

muscularis externa

Question 34

The ___ consists of connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and fat. In the portions of the tract within the peritoneal cavity, it is lined by the mesothelium.

Answer 34

adventitia/serosa

Question 35

(Layers of gut) ____—local contractions => mixing of food Occur both proximally & distally, in either direction

Answer 35

Segmentation

Question 36

(Layers of gut) Peristalsis—propels food ___ only

Answer 36

distally

Question 37

(Layers of gut) ___—outer loose connective tissue layer, contains major nerve, vessels, & adipose tissue

Answer 37

Adventitia

Question 38

(Layers of gut) Within abdominal cavity, referred to as ____ (= visceral peritoneum) --comntimous with supporting mesentery --lines by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

Answer 38

serosa

Question 39

(Layers of gut) In other areas, adventitia merges with ____

Answer 39

retroperitoneal tissue

Question 40

Smooth Mm of gut controlled by autonomic nervous system * parasympathetic stimulation is ___ * sympathetic stimulation is _____

Answer 40

excitatory; inhibitory

Question 41

_____ Nn synapse with ganglia located near effector organ

Answer 41

Parasympathetic motor

Question 42

In GI tract, ganglia located _____

Answer 42

within wall of gut, within submucosa & muscularis externa

Question 43

Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within submucosa; called ____

Answer 43

Meissner’s plexus (= submucosal plexus)

Question 44

Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within submucosa; called Meissner’s plexus (= submucosal plexus) * Larger clusters located between inner circular & outer longitudinal Mm layers called ____

Answer 44

myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus

Question 45

The key difference between Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexus is that Meissner’s plexus is in ___ of the gut tube, while Auerbach’s plexus is___

Answer 45

the submucosal tissue; between the circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layers.

Question 46

The esophagus joins the stomach at

Answer 46

cardiac orifice

Question 47

conveys solid foods and liquids to the stomach

Answer 47

esophagus

Question 48

Resting muscular tone at ___ end of esophagus prevents backflow from stomach

Answer 48

inferior end

Question 49

Short, muscular tube, lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium * In upper third, muscularis externa composed of voluntary skeletal Mm * Middle third, skeletal Mm & smooth Mm * Lower third, smooth Mm only

Answer 49

review

Question 50

(esophagus) In upper third, muscularis externa composed of ____

Answer 50

voluntary skeletal Mm

Question 51

(esophagus) Middle third composed of

Answer 51

skeletal Mm & smooth Mm

Question 52

(esophagus) lower third, composed of

Answer 52

smooth Mm only

Question 53

the protrusion of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm

Answer 53

hiatus hermia

Question 54

3 classifications of hiatus hernia

Answer 54

sliding, rolling, mixed

Question 55

Gastro-esophageal junction between esophagus & stomach contains ___

Answer 55

gastroesophageal sphincter.

Question 56

___— due to regurgitation of stomach acid into distal esophagus from cardia of stomach

Answer 56

Pyrosis—(aka “heartburn”)

Question 57

Pyrosis—

Answer 57

(aka “heartburn”)

Question 58

____ is a serious complication of GERD. It does, though, increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Answer 58

Barrett's esophagus

Question 59

Esophagus is normally lined by stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium In response to exposure to gastric acid, adaptive transformation to ____

Answer 59

simple columnar epithelium (secretes alkaline mucus)

Question 60

symptoms of esophageal cancer

Answer 60

Difficulty and pain with swallowing, particularly when eating meat, bread, or raw vegetables. ... * Pressure or burning in the chest. * Indigestion or heartburn. * Vomiting. * Frequent choking on food. * Unexplained weight loss. * Coughing or hoarseness. * Pain behind the breastbone or in the throat.

Question 61

Smoking and poorly controlled acid reflux are significant risk factors for

Answer 61

esophageal cancer and gum disease

Question 62

In most cases, esophageal cancer is ____ . The overall 5- year survival rate in patients amenable to definitive treatment ranges from 5% to 30%.

Answer 62

a treatable disease, but it is rarely curable.