upper kinesiology Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
what is progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time called?
A
creep
2
Q
Shortest distance between the AOR and the force is called
A
moment arm
3
Q
2 or more muscles producing forces in different linear directions but the same rotary direction are called
A
force couple
4
Q
lever in which AOR is in the middle (head and neck muscles)
A
first class lever
5
Q
AOR at one end of a bone. Internal force has greater leverage then external force (gastroc)
A
second class lever
6
Q
AOR at one end of the bone. External force greater leverage than internal force (elbow flexors)
A
third class lever
7
Q
most common type of lever in the body is
A
third class lever
8
Q
what class levers have a mechanical advantage greater than 1
A
second class levers
9
Q
Sutures of skull, distal tib-fib joint, interosseous membranes are all examples of this type of joint (little movement and transmits forces)
A
synarthrosis
10
Q
Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, manubriosternal joint are all examples of this type of joint
A
amphiarthrosis
11
Q
7 characteristics of synovial joints
A
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilage
- Articular capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Capsular ligaments
- Blood vessels
- Sensory nerves
12
Q
joint that has fluid filled joint cavity between bones is what type of joint
A
synovial
13
Q
atlanto axial joint is what type of joint
A
pivot
14
Q
intercarpal joint is what type of joint
A
plane
15
Q
radiocarpal is what type of joint
A
ellipsoidal
16
Q
what two motions do ellipsoidal joints allow
A
sagital plane and frontal plane
17
Q
tibiofemoral and MCP joints are what kind of joints
A
condyloid
18
Q
what motions do condyloid joints permit
A
either flex/ext and AB/AD or flex/ext and ER/IR
19
Q
what type of collagen is found in hyaline cartilage
A
type 2 collegen
20
Q
what type of cartilage is avascular and aneural
A
articular cartilage (hyaline)
21
Q
cartilage that is mostly aneural and receives blood supply mostly around periphery is what type of cartilage
A
fibrocartilage
22
Q
what tissue has the best capacity for repair and remodelling
A
bone
23
Q
what are the 3 layers of fascia surrounding the muscle/fascicle/and fiber
A
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
24
Q
amount of force a muscle is able to generate is based off of 2 factors
A
pennation angle and cross sectional area
25
myosin filaments are darker and are called what band?
| actin filaments are lighter and are called what band?
A
| I
26
movement at the scapulothoracic joint occurs due to movement at what 2 joints
ACJ and SCJ
27
what is the main muscle responsible for anterior tilting of the scapula
pec minor
28
what muscle is responsible for posterior tilting of the scapula
lower trapezius
29
what happens in a type 2 ACJ sprain
the AC ligament is torn and the Coracoclavicular ligament is stretched out
30
what are the 3 mian structures in the SA space
supraspinatus, LH biceps tendon, SA bursa
31
in the thumbs down position, what may impinge on the SA space if the arm is in IR
greater tubercle
32
in scapulohumeral rhythm, what happens in the early phase (0-90)
GHJ= 60 deg
STJ=30 deg
-20-25 deg from SCJ
-5-10 deg from ACJ
33
in scapulohumeral rhythm, what happens in the late phase (90-180)
GHJ= 60 deg
STJ= 30 deg
-5-10 deg from SCJ
-20-25 deg from ACJ
34
performing ER exercises slowly minimizes the utilization of what muscle
posterior deltoid
35
what 4 joints make up the shoulder
ACJ
SCJ
STJ
GHJ
36
costoclavicular ligament limits all SCJ motions except which
depression
37
interclavicular ligament and superior sternoclavicular ligament are taut with what
clavicular depression
38
anterior sternoclavicular ligament is taut with what motion of the clavicle
retraction
39
what direction does the clavicle rotate during shoulder flexion and abduction
posterior
40
what is the closed packed position for the SCJ
full flexion/ abduction (arm over head)
41
ACJ has no roll and slide making it what type of joint
plane joint
42
elevation of the scapula at the STJ is a combination of what movements at the SCJ and ACJ
elevation of the SCJ and downward rotation at the ACJ
43
scapular downward rotation at the STJ is a combination of what two motions at the SCJ and ACJ
depression at the SCJ and downward rotation at the ACJ
44
glenoid fossa is rotated upwardly how many degrees
5
45
abduction requires what other motion at the GHJ to gain full ROM
GHJ ER
46
scapular elevators (3)
UT, Levator scap, Rhomboids
47
scapular depressors (4)
lower trap, lat, pec minor, subclavius
48
GH Internal Rotators (5)
```
Subscapularis
Anterior deltoid
Pectoralis major
Latissimus
Teres major
```
49
Gh adductors and extensors (7)
```
Latissimus
Sternocostal head pec major
Teres major
L.H. triceps
Post deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
```
50
GH upward rotators (3)
UT, LT, SA
51
GH flexors (3)
Anterior deltoid
Coracobrachialis
Long head of the biceps
52
GH abductors (4)
Anterior deltoid
Middle deltoid
Supraspinatus muscles
L.H. biceps
53
STJ retractors (4)
Middle trapezius
Lower trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
54
anterior fibers of the UCL are most taut in what position
extension
55
posterior fibers of the UCL go from the medial epicondyle to what bone
olecranon
56
anterior fibers of the UCL go from the medial epicondyle to what bone
coronoid process of the ulna
57
LUCL goes from lateral epicondyle and inserts onto what
supinator crest of the ulna
58
LUCL is most taut with what motion
flexion
59
at the HUJ of the elbow, what way is the slide during OKC flexion
superior (anterior)
60
in the HRJ of the elbow, what is the covex surface
capitulum of humerus
61
what position of the elbow results in minimal/ no contact between humerus and radial head
full etension
62
what direction do the interrosseous fibers run in the forearm
obliquely and distally from the radius to the ulna
63
does holding something heavy in hand put the interosseous membrane on slack or make it taut?
on slack
64
AOR for the PRUJ and DRUJ is
through the heads of the ulna and radius
65
what does the radial head contact at the PRUJ that helps with stability
Radial notch of the ulna (25%) and annular ligament (75%)
66
annular ligament attaches to these 3 structures
Capsule
RCL
supinator
67
what does the ulnar head contact at the DRUJ
Ulnar notch of the radius
68
what is the only joint at the elbow that is active in all motions
HRJ
69
pronation of the forearm in WB position is done by what motion at the GHJ
ER (force couple between pronator quadratus and infraspinatus)
70
listers tubercle separates what two tendons
EPL and ECRB
71
what is one reason we have more UD and flexion at the wrist
the radius is angled 25 degrees medially and 10 degrees palmarly
72
Full UD allows what bone to contact the radius
triquetrum
73
at the midcarpal joint of the wrist, what bones operate as cave on vex
trapezium and trapezoid
74
at the midcarpal joint of the wrist, what bones operate as vex on cave
capitate and hamate
75
what wrist bone does the AOR run through
capitate
76
during extension, which direction does the capitate roll and slide on the lunate
it rolls dorsally and slides palmarly
77
what is the most commonly dislocated carpal
lunate
78
AVN of lunate is called
Keinbocks disease
79
what muscle is the best wrist flexor
flexor carpi ulnaris
80
CMC joint: what ones are most stable
2 and 3
81
why are cmc 1,4,5 more mobile
to allow for the cupping motion of the hand
82
the first metacarpal of the hand is rotated how many degrees
about 90
83
flexion of the first cmc joint is what arthrokinematic motions
roll and slide in the same direction as the bone
84
at the mcp joint, motion increases as you move in what direction
ulnarly
85
what cave/vex principles apply to the mcp joints in flexion/extension and ab/adduction
cave on vex
86
mcp joint of the thumb only allows what motion
flexion and extension
87
PIP and DIP allow more motion as you move in what direction?
ulnarly
88
what tendons do the lumbricals come off of
FDP
89
what is the action of the lumbricals/interossei (PAD and DAB)
flex mcp and extend pip and dip
90
What are the most important passive stabilizers in the mcp joint
collateral ligaments
91
what angle should the MCP joint be splinted in to prevent an extension contracture
70 degrees of flexion
92
what are the most important passive stabilizers at the PIP and DIP joints
palmar plates
93
EDC primarily is responsible for extensing what joint
MCP
94
what is unique about the transverse process of cervical vertebrae
transverse foramina
95
C3-C6 have what on their transverse process
anterior and posterior tubercles
96
atlas has 2 superior facets that are... and accept the occipital condyles which are...
concave
| convex
97
C1 inferior facets are slightly concave and are sloped inferiorly about how many degrees (bowtie shaped)
30
98
which vertebrae has no spinous process
C1
99
what is different about the spinous process of C2
its bifid
100
which vertebrae has very short transverse process
C2
101
what C spine motion occurs in the frontal plane
lateral flexion/ side bending
102
the anterior capsule of the Atlantooccipital joint blends with what 2 structures
anterior longitudinal ligament and atlantooccipital membrane
103
the dens travels through a ring created by what two structures of C1
transverse ligament and anterior arch of the atlas
104
what motion primarily occurs at the AOJ
flexion and extension, with small lateral flexion
105
what motion occurs at the AAJ
rotation (45 degrees) and small flexion and extension
106
posterior longitudinal ligament and tectorial membrance limit what motion
flexion
107
where does alar ligament go
from the dens to the medial side of the occipital condyles
108
what does alar ligament primarilly limit
rotation and also lateral flexion
109
the humeral head faces what 3 directions
superior
medial
posterior
110
the glenoid faces what 3 directions
superior
anterior
lateral
111
facet joints of C2 to C7 are sloped downwards in the frontal and horizontal plane by how many degrees?
45
112
flexion and extension occur in what sequence in the cervical spine
cranially to caudally
113
what position opens the vertebral canal maximally in the cervical spine
flexion
114
closed packed position of the c spine
extension
115
what do the facets of the top vertebrae do in cervical extension C2-C7
slide inferiorly and posteriorly
116
cervical flexion puts the facet capsule on...
stretch/taut
117
retraction of the cervical spine does what to the different segments of the spine
flexes the upper segments and extends the mid and lower segments
118
craniocervical region allows for 90 degrees of rotation in each direction, how much is at AAJ and how much is at C2-C7
45
| 45
119
what motion is coupled with rotation of the atlas on the axis
lateral flexion in the opposite direction
120
between C2 and C7, where is the least amount of rotation available
C7 and lower vertebrae in cervical spine
121
during right sided cervical rotation, what happens to the facets of the top vertebrae on the left side
they slide anteriorly and superiorly
122
during right sided rotation, what happens to the facets of the top vertebrae on the right side
they slide inferiorly and posteriorly
123
about 5 degrees of lateral flexion is allowed at which of the cervical joints
AOJ
124
during cervical spine right sided lateral flexion, what do the facets of the superior vertebrae on the left side do
slide anteriorly and superiorly
125
what motion is not performed at all in the AAJ
side bending/ lateral flexion
126
what motion is not performed at the AOJ
rotation
127
the resting craniocervical region is in a position of how much extension
30-35 degrees
128
the SCM does what to the c spine
Ipsilateral SB
Contralateral rot
Flexion lower – middle cervical spine
Extension upper cervical spine
