Upper limb 1

Question 1

What forms the anterior wall of the axilla?

Answer 1

Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor

Question 2

What forms the posterior wall of the axilla?

Answer 2

Scapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi

Question 3

What forms the lateral border of the axilla?

Answer 3

Intertubecular sulcus of the humerus

Question 4

What forms the medial border of the axilla?

Answer 4

Serratus anterior

Question 5

What is the axillary artery a continuation of? At what anatomical point does the artery begin?

Answer 5

Subclavian artery, begins at lateral margin of 1st rib

Question 6

What does the axillary artery continue beyond the axilla as? Where does this change occur?

Answer 6

Continues as the brachial artery, this change happens at inferior border of teres major

Question 7

When is compression of the axillary artery necessary?

Answer 7

When profuse bleeding occurs due to severe injury to upper limb

Question 8

What causes enlargement of axillary lymph nodes?

Answer 8

infection of upper limb

Question 9

Where is Erb’s point? What is it’s clinical significance?

Answer 9

Point on the border of the SCM where the 4 superficial branches of cervical plexus emerge. Injury to Erb’s point can be sustained by a fall on the shoulder or during birth.

Question 10

Name some muscles that are affected by Erb’s palsy? (C5&6)

Answer 10

subclavicus, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, biceps brachii, brachialis, deltoid, teres minor, brachioradialis

Question 11

What is Klumpe’s palsy? What muscles does it affect?

Answer 11

Injury to lower trunk of brachial plexus (C8 & T1). Caused by undue abduction of the arm, afects intrinsic muscles of hand and ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers.

Question 12

Where does the cephalic vein arise?

Answer 12

Lateral end of the dorsal venous arch

Question 13

Where does the basilic vein arise?

Answer 13

Medial end of dorsal venous arch

Question 14

Where does median cubital vein shunt blood to?

Answer 14

From cephalic to basilic vein

Question 15

What lymph nodes drain above the umbilicus?

Answer 15

axillary

Question 16

What lymph nodes drain below the umbilicus?

Answer 16

superficial inguinal

Question 17

Where do lymphatic vessels from upper limb drain into?

Answer 17

axillary lymph nodes

Question 18

What groups are the axillary lymph nodes divided into?

Answer 18

anterior, posterior, apical, central and lateral

Question 19

What articulates at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

Answer 19

entire upper limb and pectoral girdle

Question 20

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint? What is it made up of?

Answer 20

Synovial ball and socket joint. Formed from head of humerus and glenoid cavity.

Question 21

What is the ring of cartilage surrounding the socket of the GH joint? What type of cartilage is it?

Answer 21

Glenoid labrum - fibrocartilaginous

Question 22

What does the coracohumeral ligament do?

Answer 22

strengthens upper aspect of glenohumeral joint capsule

Question 23

What does the glenohumeral ligament do?

Answer 23

strengthens the lower aspect of the glenohumeral joint capsule

Question 24

What makes up the coracoacromial arch?

Answer 24

acromion and coracoid process of scapula & coracoacromial ligament

Question 25

What point of the clavicle is the weakest?

Answer 25

junction between medial 2/3 and lateral 1/3 (junction between 2 curvatures)

Question 26

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular (AC) joint?

Answer 26

synovial planar

Question 27

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular (SC) joint?

Answer 27

synovial saddle

Question 28

What,muscles elevate the scapula?

Answer 28

trapezius (upper fibres), levator scapulae

Question 29

What muscles depress the scapula?

Answer 29

latissimus dorsi, trapezius (lower fibres), pectoralis minor and subclavius

Question 30

What muscles protract the scapula?

Answer 30

serratus anterior, pectoralis major and minor

Question 31

What muscles retract the scapula?

Answer 31

trapezius (middle fibres), rhomboids

Question 32

What muscles cause upward rotation of the scapula?

Answer 32

trapezius, serratus anterior

Question 33

What muscles cause downward rotation of the scapula?

Answer 33

pectoralis minor, levator scapulae, rhomboids, gravity

Question 34

What is the role of subacromial bursa?

Answer 34

Facilitates movement of supraspinatous tendon and deltoid muscle

Question 35

What common injury damages subacromial bursa?

Answer 35

dislocation of acromioclavicular joint

Question 36

What 7 muscles go from the scapula to the humerus?

Answer 36

Subscapularis, supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor, teres major, coracobrachialis and deltoid.

Question 37

What muscles go from the trunk to the scapula?

Answer 37

serratus anterior, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

Question 38

What is the main action of the subscapularis?

Answer 38

internal rotation of the humerus

Question 39

What is the main action of the supraspinatous?

Answer 39

adbuction of the humerus

Question 40

What is the main action of the infraspinatous?

Answer 40

external rotation of the humerus

Question 41

What is the main action of the teres minor?

Answer 41

external rotation of the humerus

Question 42

What is the main action of the anterior fibres of the deltoid?

Answer 42

flexion of the humerus

Question 43

What is the main action of the lateral fibres of the deltoid?

Answer 43

abduction of the humerus

Question 44

What is the main action of the posterior fibres of the deltoid?

Answer 44

extension of the humerus

Question 45

What is the main action of the superior fibres of serratus anterior?

Answer 45

upward rotation of the scapula

Question 46

What is the main action of the of inferior fibres of the serratus anterior?

Answer 46

downward rotation of the scapula

Question 47

What is the main action of the trapezius?

Answer 47

retraction of the scapula

Question 48

What is the main action of the rhomboids?

Answer 48

elevates and retracts scapula

Question 49

What is the main actions of the pectoralis minor?

Answer 49

...(?)

Question 50

What is the main actions of the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 50

adduction of the humerus, depression of scapula

Question 51

What is the main action of the pectoralis major?

Answer 51

adduction and internal rotation of the humerus

Question 52

What are the branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

Answer 52

lateral pectoral, median nerve (lateral root), musculocutaneous nerve

Question 53

What are the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus?

Answer 53

medial pectoral, median nerve (medial nerve), ulnar nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm

Question 54

What are the branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

Answer 54

thoracodorsal nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve and subscapular nerve