UPs STATS + QUOTES

Question 1

Op of global networks
Flows of Capital (4)

Answer 1

London houses over one-third of Europe’s billion dollar companies which significantly influence the global economy, dominating large scale decision making and flows of capital

London HQ of multinational oil and gas company BP ranked 8th in the top 100 TNCs (UNCTAD, 2018) outsources in Philippines and India

NYSE and NASDAQ $50 trillion US dollars (Statistica, 2022)

Due to Russia invading Ukraine, almost all foreign automotive manufacturers withdrew from Russia and production in 2022 was down by 97% from 2021 (CNBC, 2022)

Question 2

Op of global networks
Flows of People (6)

Answer 2

In London, 40% of population is foreign-born (City of London, 2022) with skilled work accounting for 63% of work-related visas granted in 2022 (UK Government)

According to the UN, the UK ranked 3rd in attracting highly skilled workers

HSBC has offices in 64 countries (supports the ‘promotion of highly skilled people to other countries’)

London has 26 million tourists annually, 17.8 million which are international

London Heathrow ranked 2nd busiest international airport, employing 76,000 people (more jobs = even more people)

London’s tourism industry, which contributes 9% of national GDP and has employed 380 000 people

Question 3

Op of global networks
Flows of Information (3)

Answer 3

According to the GaWC run from Loughborough University in the UK, London is a WC ranked in the highest Alpha++ level based on its connectivity to the world

BBC Worldwide reaches 364 mil people weekly worldwide and BBC World News is broadcasted in English 24 hours a day in more than 200 countries

London has the world’s highest concentration of universities (43) with 120,000 international students enrolled at any given time

Question 4

Dom + dep 3 points

Answer 4

1. Financial Control of Production & Distribution
2. Technological Dominance and Innovation
3. Widespread Cultural Influence

Question 5

Dom + dep
1. Financial Control of Production & Distribution

Answer 5

London with the world’s 3rd largest economy (The Globalist, 2021)

According to Statistica, London had a GDP of £731b British pounds and 271 HQs of 500 global TNCs (e.g. Unilever)

London has a 20% share of the world’s human capital in 2017 (City of London)

Question 6

Dom + dep
Technological Dominance and Innovation

Answer 6

The invention of the iPhone transformed the mobile phone industry and their many products brought consistent sales (Apple raised $365 billion US dollars in revenue in 2021) and this has cemented Greater San Fran as a centre of global dominance as over 1 billion people use their products and services daily

Question 7

Dom + dep
Widespread Cultural Influence

Answer 7

London Fashion Week generates over £100 million pounds of orders and over 32,000 hours of digital content watched in the UK from more than 100 countries

Question 8

Def of rgnl city + small towns

Answer 8

Regional centre defined as population between 11,000-50,000 people whilst ABS defines small towns with populations between 1000-19,000

Question 9

Dubbo pop growth + small town pop decline

Answer 9

Dubbo grown at 2.1% from 2017-18
Bogan Shire decline by 1.7% in same period

Question 10

Dubbo
- Location
- Population
- Economy
- Evocity (services)

Answer 10

Dubbo is located in the Orana Region on the western slopes of NSW and Macquarie River, a little over 400 km north-west of Sydney

Dubbo population: 43,516 (2021 Census) from its 2011 population of 32,327

Dubbo supports a total of 23,000 jobs, with an annual economic output of $6.8 bil

Australian Unity Wellbeing index data showed that people living in regional Australia are the happiest - as an Evocity member, rapid growth with attractive housing costs ($400 000), 6 major shopping centres, 20 schools, 4 tertiary campuses and 120 eateries (leading to increased employment opportunities)

Question 11

Nyngan + Bogan Shire (3)

Answer 11

Population of 1953 (2021 Census)

Lost 10.5% of its population since 1986 (The Regional Institute)

In April 1990, Nyngan and Bogan Shire suffered the worst flooding the area has known when a wall of water 14 km wide spread across the town, resulting in its inundation and isolation, causing ‘$50 million of damage’ (Michael Cawood, flood expert)

Question 12

Growth, development, future trends and ecological sustainability
GROWTH
- Syd past/present
- Suburbanisation
- Urban consolidation

Answer 12

In the past 25 years, Sydney has grown from a population of 1.3 million to 4.7 million

According to the NSW Dept of Planning, Sydney’s population is projected to reach 9.8 million by 2041

Suburbanisation, where 181,000 new homes are to be built in western Sydney by 2036 (Australian govt, 2021)

Urban consolidation: inner city area and ‘Global Sydney’ corridor, where 29% of Sydney housing were townhouses or apartments (2021 Census)

Question 13

World cities role
Cultural Authority (4)

Answer 13

Opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics had 4.7 billion viewers (70% of world’s population)

London Fashion Week generates over £100 million pounds in orders per season and over 32,000 hours of digital content watched from over 100 countries

Wimbledon Championships 2019 saw 500,000 people attend and Louvre in Paris contributes greatly to its status as the ‘world’s most popular tourist destination’

London Heathrow ranked 2nd busiest international airport (OAG)

Question 14

Opening stat for role of WCs

Answer 14

London, NY and Tokyo are examples of thriving world cities, with London ranking 2nd in Business Insider’s Most Influential Cities Ranking 2018

Question 15

MC characteristics

Answer 15

Informal economy (69% of Lagos population)
Manufacturing (35-40% of Mumbai population)

Question 16

MC spat dist (3)

Answer 16

Majority of megacities are in or near the tropics (23°N and 23°S)

There are approximately 35 megacities globally, with 25 of these being located in the developing world (predicted to grow to 43 by 2030)

Exponential population growth has led to the projected 17 megacities in Africa by 2030

Question 17

CHALL + RESP
MC Housing - LAGOS (2)

Answer 17

Insecure housing is a major challenge in Lagos Nigeria, with ⅔ of the population of 21 million living in slums with no access to roads, clean water, and waste disposal (BBC, 2019)

Lagos Megacity Project aimed to destroy ¾ of slums (Quartz Africa)

Question 18

CHALL + RESP
MC Water - LAGOS
no. of people worldwide lacking access to basic drinking water

Answer 18

Worldwide 884 million people lack basic drinking water (TapSafe, 2021)

Question 19

LAGOS WATER DEMAND
+
% with water

Answer 19

Lagos has a 724 million gallon demand daily despite only 317 million gallons produced per day (Transnational Institute, 2020)

The UN estimates that only 10% of the population have access to piped water supply, however even this system is in disrepair

Question 20

LAGOS WATER RESP

Answer 20

Packaged sachets of water 6 cents affordability (TapSafe, 2021)

In a 2009 laboratory study of 10 sachet water brands on the market of Lagos, researcher A.C. Dada found extremely low levels of compliance with regulatory standards (22% of all samples were non-compliant)

World Bank investing $200 million in Lagos in attempts to extend and improve the water supply infrastructure

Question 21

JAKARTA POP (link to challenge)

Answer 21

Jakarta is extremely congested as it has a population of more than 30 million people

Question 21

Extent of Jakarta traffic congestion + infrastructure chall (3)

Answer 21

Jakarta was named the world city with the worst traffic in the Castrol Stop Start Index in 2019

While the number of motorised vehicles has increased by 8.1% annually, the road network has only grown at a rate of 0.01% (Jakarta govt)

It is the supply and demand imbalance that creates the traffic congestion, according to Jakarta Deputy Governor Sutanto Soehodho, who is in charge of transportation

Question 22

Jakarta traffic response (2)

Answer 22

The MRT was first planned in 1997, but was not completed until 2019 (Indonesia Investments) which signifies a very slow and ineffective response

According to Channel News Asia, there were only 14 trains running daily across 15.7km of railway line

Question 23

UD - case study universal introduction
Syd location

Answer 23

Sydney is a secondary world city in Australia, situated on a latitude of 34°S and longitude 151°E with a population of 5.2 million living in low density suburbs sprawling over 12,000km²

Question 24

SYD EDU (2) - part of social structure and spatial patterns of advantage and disadvantage, wealth and poverty, ethnicity

Answer 24

71.2% of schools south of the latte line are below the national average compared to only 3.6% north of the line (SMH, 2021) “No schools in any of the City’s advantage suburbs are below the national average, and almost no schools in disadvantaged areas are above average” - Crinchton Smith, Macquarie Uni

Question 25

SYD ethnicity (2)

Answer 25

Sydney is a highly ethnically diverse city, with 42% of the population speaking a language other than English at home (ABS, 2021) Migrants of Hong Kong/Chinese heritage (16%) are generally from the ‘skilled migrant programme’ attracted to Sydney due to better education and high paying job opportunities

Question 26

Spatial Patterns of Advantage/Disadvantage

Answer 26

‘Suburbanisation of disadvantage’ - Professor Randolf, UNSW

Question 27

Health - adv developments

Answer 27

Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital underwent a $265 million redevelopment in 2021

Question 28

Health - disadv obesity

Answer 28

Highest rates of overweight/obese children residing in western/south Sydney (e.g. ⅓ of children in Mount Druitt are obese) compared to obesity being lowest in northern suburbs like Mosman where 83% of children had healthy range BMIs (SMH, 2019)

Question 29

Health - western and southern suburbs

Answer 29

75% of adults in Western and Southern suburbs did little to no exercise (SMH, 2019)

Question 30

CHGING ECON CHAR, RES, COMM, INDUS Indus dev

Answer 30

People employed in manufacturing declined from 28% in 1966 to less than 8% today (Committee for Sydney, 2017)

Question 30

CHGING ECON CHAR, RES, COMM, INDUS Comm dev (1) Retail comm dev (2)

Answer 30

‘Global Sydney’ generates 41% of NSW’s total economic output (Infrastructure NSW) and employs 1 million people in tertiary jobs Since the 1960s, there have been rapid changeovers consisting of the merging and purchasing of businesses The extent of this change is evident through 25% of Sydneysiders’ shopping occurring in such complexes

Question 30

BROO Introductory stats (2)

Answer 30

Barangaroo is a 22 hectare waterfront precinct/suburb located on the North Western edge of Sydney’s CBD and the southern end of the Sydney Opera House at 34°S, 151°E Sydney’s largest urban renewal project since 2000 Olympics, costing $6+ billion (Greater Sydney Commission)

Question 31

CHGING ECON CHAR, RES, COMM, INDUS Changing economic character (2)

Answer 31

There are over 600 multinational firms in the city (Invest NSW, 2021) In 2018/19 Greater Sydney had a GDP of over $460 billion per year, which is around quarter of Australia's GDP and around three quarters of the NSW GDP (City of Sydney, 2020)

Question 32

GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT of Sydney (6) - past and future - cities - horizontal and vertical growth - economic development

Answer 32

In the past 25 years, Sydney has grown from a population of 1.3 million to 4.7 million According to the NSW Department of Planning, Sydney’s population is projected to reach 9.8 million by 2041 Greater City Regional Plan outlines the development of Sydney into 3 polycentric city ‘mini cities’: Eastern Harbours City (CBD), Central River City (Parramatta) and Western Parklands City (Badgerys Creek) Horizontal growth has largely been the result of suburbanisation, where 181,000 new homes are to be built in western Sydney by 2036 (Australian govt, 2021) Urban consolidation: 29% of Sydney housing were townhouses or apartments (2021 Census) Barangaroo’s contribution of $2 billion annually to Australia’s economy (Infrastructure NSW)

Question 33

FUTURE TRENDS of Sydney mainly industries

Answer 33

There has been a 700% increase in telehealth services and large scale increases in collaborative work and social platforms since the beginning of the COVID pandemic Digital Restart Fund, an investment including $240 million for cyber security (NSW govt) Sydney’s banking and finance sector, which are its globally competitive industries, will account for one in every five dollars generated by the city’s economy by 2026 (SMH) Healthcare, leisure and aged-care services are expected to grow to nearly 8% of Sydney’s economic share by 2026 and offer up to 50,000 jobs by 2036 around Westmead in a bid to transform it into Sydney’s Silicon Valley of health services (SMH)

Question 34

ECOL SUS of Sydney - what are the dynamics involved?

Answer 34

suburbanisation, urban consolidation and renewal

Question 35

Syd ECOL SUS - suburbanisation (3)

Answer 35

Sydney has grown outwards at a rapid and undesirable rate, where approximately 40 new homes are completed daily (ABC News, 2020) Western suburbs are 6-10°C hotter in summer than the eastern suburbs, resulting in uncomfortable living conditions and detrimental impacts on the environment Positive: new housing estates such as Glenwood and Rouse Hill in Sydney’s north west having mandatory recycling of water and building products

Question 36

Syd ECOL SUS - urban consolidation

Answer 36

Inner city area where congestion is concentrated, resulting in Sydney having a 28% congestion level (Sydney Traffic Index), limiting the benefits of ecological sustainability

Question 37

Syd ECOL SUS - urban renewal

Answer 37

Barangaroo environmental sustainability statistics

Question 38

Describe and account for the nature, character and spatial distribution of world cities - NATURE

Answer 38

The emergence of word cities initiated during the late 1950s through the globalisation process driven by technological developments in transport and communication, trade liberalisation, the deregulation of financial markets and the emergence of a global market for lifestyle-related commodities

Question 39

Describe and account for the nature, character and spatial distribution of world cities - CHARACTER (2)

Answer 39

A key example (of social infrastructure) is Olympia London, which hosts more than 200 events annually, such as the London Climate Technology Show (Visit Britain) London Heathrow is the world’s 2nd busiest airport (OAG), facilitating over 1300 daily air transport movements to over 203 destinations (Flight Global)

Question 40

Describe and account for the nature, character and spatial distribution of world cities - SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

Answer 40

London is situated at 51° N 0°W

Question 41

URBAN CENTRE def

Answer 41

An urban centre includes smaller city centres who do not quite possess the level of influence world cities enjoy, such as Wollongong, Dubbo and Birmingham

Question 42

DOMINANCE def

Answer 42

Dominance refers to the control that some urban places exert over other smaller urban places and the extent to which that control is exerted spatially

Question 43

DEPENDENCE def

Answer 43

Dependence refers to the way in which less powerful centres become reliant upon world centres for investment, employment, infrastructure and decision making

Question 44

Account for changing role of regional centres and demise of small town - Advances in transport and telecommunications

Answer 44

Dubbo has 3 major highways such as the Mitchell Highway connecting Sydney to Adelaide and 27 motels

Question 45

Account for changing role of regional centres and demise of small town - Restructuring and decline of ag workforce (including Nyngan floods) 3

Answer 45

Dubbo provides 6711 agriculture jobs and the Orana Region generates $1.5 billion in exports (Regional Development Australia) In April 1990, Nyngan and Bogan Shire suffered the worst flooding the area has known when a wall of water 14 km wide spread across the town, resulting in its inundation and isolation, causing ‘$50 million of damage’ (Michael Cawood, flood expert) Nyngan lost 10.5% of its population since 1986 (The Regional Institute)

Question 46

Account for changing role of regional centres and demise of small town - Key services in reg centres vs sml towns

Answer 46

As an Evocity member, Dubbo can promote the benefits of regional living, where the Australian Unity Wellbeing index data showed that people living in regional Australia are the happiest Dubbo has 6 major shopping centres, 20 schools, 120 eateries and many tourist attractions (e.g. Taronga Western Plains Zoo) which leads to increased employment opportunities and contributes $291.2 million to Dubbo’s total economic output (Dubbo Region Business)

Question 47

FLOODS + LAGOS

Answer 47

Floods paralyse Lagos’ economic activity, at an estimated cost of around $4 billion per year (CNN, 2021)

Question 48

WEA/POV - UDs income stats + blue/white collar

Answer 48

In Sydney, the top 1% of the population earn 11.9% of the income compared to 9.5% nationally (SMH, 2019) Employment is a major contributor to income inequality which is reflected through suburbs North of the latte line such as Chatswood and Surry Hills containing 75% white collar jobs compared to western suburbs (e.g. Liverpool) below the line having 70% blue collar jobs (SMH, 2019)

Question 49

WEA/POV - UDs Western Syd employment

Answer 49

In Western Sydney, the “population is predominantly of a working class background, with major employment in the heavy industries and vocational trade” (Informed Decisions, 2022)

Question 50

WEA/POV - UDs the whole thing about spatial patterns of wealth/poverty being exacerbated because of urban renewal in in inner city suburbs

Answer 50

Pyrmont median house prices have risen by $800,000 in the last 20 years (Domain Australia)

Question 51

RES LAND - CHANGING ECON CHAR land values in diff parts of Syd

Answer 51

According to KPMG, dwelling values in the inner city climbed an average of $125,000 over 2021

Question 52

RES LAND - URBAN CONSOL (3)

Answer 52

Urban consolidation: 88.4% of Parramatta’s housing is non-detached (Domain Australia) The NSW Dept of Planning states 70% of all new dwellings will be accommodated in existing urban areas by 2031 This high density development is taking place... concentrated areas of employment, especially along the ‘Global Sydney’ corridor where a forecasted 60,000 new apartments are to be built (Business Insider)

Question 53

ECON SUST BROO (official ER para) - 3

Answer 53

Firms such as KPMG and HSBC (who rent in ITS) 'enhance Sydney’s position in the financial market' (The Urban Developer) Increase of 23,000 jobs in Barangaroo (NSW Govt, 2020) Barangaroo contributes more than $2 billion annually to the Australian economy (Infrastructure NSW)

Question 54

SOC SUST BROO (official ER para) - 2

Answer 54

Many easily accessible social services: childcare and education centres, MedScan, Fitness First → increase mental and physical health and wellbeing of people Key worker housing 1.6% i.e. only 48 units (Lendlease, 2020) and most apartments between $13-200 million (Domain Australia), e.g. ‘The Cloud’ top floor sold for $15 million

Question 55

ENVIRON SUS BROO (official ER para) - 3

Answer 55

Barangaroo achieved carbon neutrality in 2019 (Building Barangaroo) Barangaroo Reserve (6 ha): 75,000 native trees and shrubs planted cover 45 species → high species diversity and fauna habitats Zero waste emissions: 84% of operational waste from residential and commercial buildings diverted from landfill and waste generated across all buildings sorted into 19 categories in the centralised waste storage centre - 500 tonnes of waste diverted from landfill in the first 12 months of operations (SDG Australia)

Question 56

Residents BROO

Answer 56

One Sydney Harbour and residential blocks of ITS accommodate 2500 residents (NSW Govt, 2020)

Question 57

BROO accessibility + tourism

Answer 57

More than 50% of the precinct is open public space and 100% of the foreshore is to be fully accessible to pedestrians and cyclists, it is expected to attract 18 million visits per year (Infrastructure NSW)

Question 58

BROO investment for social sust

Answer 58

Lendlease is making a $40m contribution to public art and culture that will confirm the Barangaroo precinct as a landmark in the nation’s cultural landscape (SDG Australia)

Question 59

SANDSTONE NEAR CUTAWAY - BROO

Answer 59

Of the 10,000 sandstone blocks used to create the extraordinary Barangaroo Reserve, 93% come from Barangaroo itself (Building Barangaroo, 2021)

Question 60

EMSIONS - BROO

Answer 60

Barangaroo has a target of only 4% of journeys-to-work by car compared with the rest the CBD which averages 20% (Barangaroo ‘Realising the Vision’ report)

Question 61

Sust lighting + water BROO

Answer 61

At Barangaroo South, more than 50,000 LED lamps light the public realm and buildings (SDG Australia) There are 90,000L water tanks under each commercial tower holding recycled water from Sydney Harbour to cool buildings, irrigation and toilet flushing (SDG Australia)

Question 62

Contrast nature, character and spatial distribution of WCs and MCs - WCs nature + character para (2 stats) Specific examples

Answer 62

London houses ⅓ of Europe’s billion dollar companies (Forbes, 2018) in industries such as telecommunications, banking and scientific research 40% of London’s population is foreign-born (City of London, 2022) with skilled work accounting for 63% of work-related visas granted in 2022 (UK Govt) well planned = unique + highly funded buildings = Sydney Opera House sustainable green spaces = NY Central Park + Sydney's Barangaroo

Question 63

Contrast nature, character and spatial distribution of WCs and MCs - MCs nature + character para INFORMAL SECTOR MANUFACTURING HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS TRAFFIC

Answer 63

Informal sector which accounts for 69% of employment in Lagos (The Conversation, 2019) Megacities like Mumbai have 35-40% of the population engaged in manufacturing (Statistica, 2020) as they become increasingly dependent on world cities for economic growth Lagos, with ⅔ of the population of 21 million living in slums with no access to roads, clean water, and waste disposal (BBC, 2019) Jakarta, with a population of over 30 million people, was named the city with the world’s worst traffic in the Castrol Stop Start Index (2019) - While the number of motorised vehicles has increased by 8.1% annually, data from the Jakarta government shows the road network has only grown at a rate of 0.01%

Question 64

Spatial distribution MCs (3)

Answer 64

Megacities are widespread but generally within or near the tropics 23°N to 23°S ⅔ of megacities are in Asia Africa is projected to reach 17 megacities by 2030 (ArchDaily, 2019)

Question 65

LDN CLIMATE

Answer 65

humid temperate oceanic climate typically 12-18 degree temperature range

Question 66

Culture of place definition

Answer 66

Culture of place refers to the individuality a city has

Question 67

Syd culture of place - multicultural

Answer 67

One of the top eight multicultural cities in the world (World Atlas, 2021)

Question 68

COP - main points

Answer 68

Modern and Heritage Architecture Streetscape Street Life and Lifestyles Energy, Vitality, Colour and Noise

Question 69

COP - modern and heritage architecture (4)

Answer 69

John Utzon’s Sydney Opera House, which stands as one of the “most indisputable masterpieces of human creativity…in the history of mankind” (UNESCO World Heritage Committee, 2007) QVB built in 1880s Forecast of 151,500 new homes from 2022 to 2026 (NSW Department of Planning) - thus consolidation Barangaroo aims to provide a home to 3500 residents (Infrastructure NSW)

Question 70

COP - streetscape (2)

Answer 70

Barangaroo has undergone urban renewal, contributing $2 billion annually to the Australian economy (Infrastructure NSW, 2021) Uniform streetscape - The Ponds, a NW suburb 42.1km away from the CBD with a population of 16,315 (2021 Census)

Question 71

COP - street life and lifestyles (2)

Answer 71

Sydney’s cafe industry has added 3000 cafes and 30,000 jobs over the past decade (GoodFood, 2018) In Kingsgrove and Guildford, street life is influenced by the Greek and Arabic culture, making up 23.3% of the population (2021 Census)

Question 72

COP - energy, vitality, colour and noise

Answer 72

(Events + festivals) has resulted in Sydney ranking as the 2nd best city worldwide for its brand appeal and image (2020 Anholt-Ipsos City Brand Index)

Question 73

Opening sentence for retail

Answer 73

The current retail industry is dominated by large multi outlet firms (i.e. shopping centres) which are increasing in size and market share at the expense of smaller independent retailers

Question 74

QVB

Answer 74

In order to enhance the remaining Victorian features of the building, the external sandstone façade and carvings have been refurbished as well as implementing a Victorian-inspired colour theme and installing tessellated tiles

Question 75

Jakarta area

Answer 75

699 sq kms

Question 76

Urban consolidation Syd

Answer 76

NSW Government to expect 60-70% of new housing to be developed within existing urban areas

Question 77

Suburbanisation Syd

Answer 77

Suburbanisation is still actively occurring in Sydney’s north-west and south-west where an estimated 725,000 new dwellings and 817,000 jobs will be located, such as at the Western Sydney Airport and its surrounding aerotropolis by 2036

Question 78

Delhi water challenge (3)

Answer 78

According to India’s Ministry of Urban Development, about 70% of Delhi’s residents receive only three hours of running water per day More than half of the city’s running water leaks out of long-neglected pipes before it reaches households The untreated waste ends up in bodies of water like the Yamuna river, which supplies the city with 330 million gallons of water per day, according to the Delhi water board, contaminating the water supply

Question 79

5th Avenue and Champs de Elysee

Answer 79

‘two of the most expensive shopping streets in the world’ (The Times, 2019)

Question 80

# of Michelin-hatted restaurants in NYC

Answer 80

64 (New York Times, 2022)

Question 81

Syd pop growth rate

Answer 81

1.85% annually (SMH, 2021)

Question 82

Tokyo Shinkansen

Answer 82

Tokyo is the central location for Japan’s Tokaido Shinkansen railway line carrying 65.59 million passengers in 2020, reaching top speeds of 320km/h