Urban Environments Flashcards

Question

types of land use.

Answer 1

Residential, commercial, industrial, manufacturing, greenfield, brownfield

Answer 2

wealth, occupation and ethnicity.

Answer 3

Food: ● 48% of food consumed in the UK is imported. ● Security issues regarding supply post Brexit as food will come at an additional cost to the consumer due to border checks etc. and increased time to reach the consumer. ● Could further enhance food insecurity due to wealth disparities / deprivation. ● 8 million people in the UK are at risk of food insecurity.

Answer 4

High NO2 levels due to congestion and idling cars, leads to health issues in people who live in congested areas, this can cause increased stress on healthcare Emissions produced also contribute to climate change

Answer 5

Energy: ● London will need 20% more energy by 2050. ● The increased demand cannot necessarily be matched, leading to energy security issues. ● According to the London Assembly, more than 1 in 10 households are designated as fuel poor - they can’t afford to keep their homes warm due to a combination of low incomes and high energy costs. This lack of affordable energy can put residents at risk of fuel poverty.

Answer 6

Waste: ● London’s ecological footprint (demand for natural resources and ability to absorb waste) exceeds its biocapacity (supply). Meaning ecological debtor/ deficit. ● Footprint = 48,868,000 GHa ● Biocapacity = 1,210,000 GHa ● Only 52% of London’s waste is currently recycled.

Answer 7

Segregation: ● By wealth, occupation, ethnicity, stage in family life cycle. Links to IMD. ● 16% of Londoners are in the poorest tenth nationally, whilst 17% are in the richest tenth of people in the country. ● Ethnic segregation (voluntary or forced) could lead to gated communities. Often happens once migration has occurred as people want to live near to those with the same language, friends, shops selling food from their culture etc. ● Studentification - Neighbourhoods become

Answer 8

Squatter settlements - ● Dharavi slum is in Mumbai. ● 1 million residents (500,000 per km2 population density). ● Basic services e.g. sanitation not provided. ● People construct things themselves, leading to a haphazard approach.

Answer 9

Informal economy - ● Every day the city produces > 10,000 tons solid waste. ● Ragpickers and those working in the recycling industry and informal economy work in incredibly hazardous conditions. Wounds quickly become infected due to contact with biohazardous substances. ● Rag pickers and recyclers mainly come from the lower rungs of India’s caste system and struggle to gain formal recognition from the authorities, also can be damaging for government as they get much less income due to informal economy being untaxed, having a low QOL as a result.

Answer 10

Pollution - ● Pollution is a major problem due to sewage disposal in streams as >1000 people will share one toilet/ use hanging toilets over rivers. ● Small scale industries also create air pollution via release of toxic fumes.

Answer 11

All often locate in the rural-urban fringe as the land is cheaper, there is room for expansion and they are closer to transport links to allow export and import of goods.

Answer 12

An area of agricultural or forest land, or some other undeveloped site which is usually protected from development, but is increasingly being earmarked for commercial development or industrial projects.

Answer 13

Commercial or industrial site, now abandoned. Often environmental contamination that would have to be dealt with prior to redeveloping the site.

Answer 14

Greenfield Relatively cheap and rate of house building is faster Layout is not hampered by previous development so can easily be made efficient and pleasant, with the correct facilities etc. Healthier environment Proximity of countryside for leisure and recreation Brownfield Reduces the loss of countryside and land that can be put to agricultural or recreational use Helps to revive old and disused urban areas Services already in place Located near to main areas of employment

Answer 15

Greenfield Valuable farmland, recreational space and attractive scenery lost Development causes noise and light pollution to surrounding countryside Wildlife and their habitats lost Encourages further suburban sprawl Brownfield Often more expensive because old buildings have to be cleared and land unpolluted Often surrounded by rundown areas so less appealing to more wealthy residents Higher levels of pollution = less healthy

Answer 16

Waste: ● Encourage circular city model, rather than a linear one. Follow circular economy principles. (Recycling of organic and inorganic materials, conservation / use of renewable energy) ● Waste hierarchy - Achieve zero municipal waste direct to landfill by 2025. Reduce the amount of household waste produced from 970kg per household in 2009/10 to 790kg per household by 2031. This is equivalent to a 20 per cent reduction per household.

Answer 17

Transport: ● Boris/ Santander bikes (from as little as £2 to hire for 24 hours). >19,000 docking points across London. ● Cycle super highways and bike sheds aimed to give cyclists faster, safer and more direct routes, encouraging more people to cycle to work, reduces emissions ● Crossrail (the Elizabeth line) - west to east line through London and surrounding areas. £15 billion project. Will add 105 more capacity to the rail network in central London. Regeneration along its route creating jobs. Projected to add $42 billion of GDP to the UK economy. ● Hydrogen cell buses – help reduce air pollution. New Low Emission Bus Zones (2017). ● Congestion charge/ ULEZ - £15 a day to enter central London. Profit invested into London’s transport system (£80 million over 5 years). 44% reduction in roadside N0x in central London over last 4 years with 50000 fewer polluting vehicles being driven in the Congestion Charge area. ● London’s T-charge: T for toxicity (2017). Drivers of older, more polluting petrol and diesel cars have to pay a T-charge of £10 along with the congestion charge.

Answer 18

Energy: ● Footfall harvesting ( a way to capture the lost energy of infinite footsteps and convert that into useful electricity, i.e making energy from your steps on footpaths) ● Biofuels: Some London taxi’s run on restaurant oil

Answer 19

● Vertical farming and urban gardening will increase sustainability of food supply for cities. ● Food banks - 2000 across the UK. 1.6 million parcels given out / year.

Answer 20

Top down - Vision Mumbai (housing - government led). ● Relocates slum dwellers to purpose built blocks (though often many kms outside of the city (cheaper land) leading to problems with seeing family and friends in the city). ● Residents have their own toilets, kitchens etc. inside their homes, though these are often still cramped spaces shared with other families. The complexes have no shared communal spaces like terraces, or spaces for the children to play, which they did have in the slums.

Answer 21

Bottom up - SPARC NGO (sanitation and housing - community led) aka grass roots development.

Answer 22

Dharavi informal recycling industry recycles around 80% of Mumbai’s waste. Banned plastic bag usage. Mangroves aid health and wellbeing via being a green space. Also filter pollution (both air and water).

Answer 23

Transport: New underground metro transport link part of ‘Mumbai urban transport project’ (MUTP). $344 million investment from 2010-2016 to improve train network.

Answer 24

SMILE Foundation NGO ‘smile on wheels’ project since 2013 with mobile health clinics.

Answer 25

● Government ● NGOs e.g. SPARC, Smile on Wheels etc. ● Property developers ● Local people in Mumbai ● People living in Dharavi ● Tourists

Answer 26

● Government ● Investors ● Local people ● Tourists ● Civil Society Organisations e.g. London National Park City movement.

Answer 27

Segregation: ● Pepperpot housing (an urban planning strategy in which poorer and more affluent residents live in a mixed community through the 'sprinkling' of social housing amongst privately-owned housing, could also work with different ethnicities)

Answer 28

London became the world’s first National Park City: ● 2019. Aim is to improve life in London by making the city greener, healthier and wilder. More sustainable, providing a better quality of life for residents.