URBAN GEOGRAPHY

Question 1

CITY

Answer 1

an agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

Question 2

CULTURAL HEARTH

Answer 2

source area from which radiated ideas, innovations, and ideologies that change the world beyond

Question 3

FIRST URBAN REVOLUTION

Answer 3

the initial innovation of living in cities

Question 4

SIX URBAN HEARTHS

Answer 4

tied closely to the hearths of agriculture they include:
- Mesopotamia
- Nile River Valley
- Indus River Valley
- Huang He (Yellow River and Wei Valleys)
- Mesoamerica
- Peru

Question 5

PERCENTAGE OF WORLD POPULATION

Answer 5

57% Urban in World

79% More Developed —> 53% Less Developed —> 35% Least Developed

Question 6

URBANIZATION

Answer 6

the percent of the population living in urban areas

Question 7

URBAN GROWTH RATE

Answer 7

the rate at which the urban population is growing

Example: USA is 1%

Question 8

MEGACITIES

Answer 8

very large cities exceeding populations of 10 million that act as centers of gravity for migrants

Question 9

US CENSUS AND URBANIZATION

Answer 9

the definition of an urban area has changed from 2,500 to 5,000

Note: Examine Data Cautiously due to Change

Question 10

WORLD CITIES

Answer 10

function at the global scale and beyond the reach of state borders as nodes of the world economy

Question 11

NODE

Answer 11

place where action and interaction occurs

Question 12

GLOBAL SLUM

Answer 12

informal settlement in a city with poor living conditions and lack of basic services

Example: Mumbai

Question 13

HUTMENT FACTORY

Answer 13

center of entrepreneurship where slum residents sew clothing, recycle plastic or cardboard, build products, and provide services

Question 14

INFORMAL ECONOMY

Answer 14

not taxed and not counted towards a country’s GNI

Question 15

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Answer 15

a city’s layout including the sizes and shapes of buildings, transportation routes, and infrastructure

Question 16

FUNCTIONAL ZONATION

Answer 16

the division of a city into different regions by use or purpose

Example: Residential versus Industrial

Question 17

SITE

Answer 17

physical attributes of a place (absolute location)

Question 18

SITUATION

Answer 18

location relative to surrounding areas

Note: Changes with Time

Question 19

FALL LINE CITIES

Answer 19

boats can come up rivers to certain points but eventually they must be moved to land vehicles

Question 20

RANK SIZE RULE (ZIPF’S RULE)

Answer 20

the population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

Example: 2nd Ranked City will have 1/2 the Population of the 1st (Belgium)

Question 21

PRIMATE CITY

Answer 21

country’s largest city established by Jefferson’s criteria that it must be:
- Disproportionately Large
- Expressive of National Culture
- Usually the Capital

Examples: Mexico City, Oslo, Managua, Stockholm

Question 22

BINARY CITY DISTRIBUTION

Answer 22

occurs where there are two very large cities of almost equal size within a country

Question 23

HINTERLAND

Answer 23

means ”country behind” and is typically the service area behind an urban center

Question 24

PRIMARY SECTOR

Answer 24

Agricultural Location Theory

Agriculture, Mining, Forestry, Fishing

Question 25

SECONDARY SECTOR

Answer 25

**Industrial Location Theory** Industry

Question 26

TERTIARY SECTOR

Answer 26

**Central Place Theory** Retail, Services

Question 27

CENTRAL PLACE

Answer 27

a city, town, village, or other clustered settlement that provides goods and services to non-urban areas around it

Question 28

RANGE

Answer 28

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to buy a good or service

Question 29

THRESHOLD

Answer 29

the minimum number of people needed to support the offering of a good or service

Question 30

TRIANGULAR LATTICE

Answer 30

all central places are equidistant from each other

Question 31

HEXAGONAL MARKET AREAS (MARKET PRINCIPLE)

Answer 31

- high order goods are sold in cities and low order goods are sold in villages - large places are far from each other

Question 32

TRANSPORT PRINCIPLE

Answer 32

if one travels from one city to the next, one does not pass through any of the towns

Question 33

ADMINISTRATIVE PRINCIPLE

Answer 33

if the city is the capital of the area, having borders go through the towns would not make sense

Question 34

HOTELLING MODEL (AGGLOMERATION OF ACTIVITIES)

Answer 34

business should be equidistant from the center, edges, and one another

Question 35

CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT

Answer 35

key economic zone of a city

Question 36

CENTRAL CITY

Answer 36

older part of a city surrounding or near the CBD

Question 37

SUBURB

Answer 37

an outlying and primarily residential area on the outskirts of a city

Question 38

SUBURBANIZATION

Answer 38

when lands once outside the urban area are transformed into urban areas Example: Farmland into Shopping Mall

Question 39

BURGESS CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

Answer 39

Zone 1: Central Business District (Contains Subdistricts) Zone 2: Zone of Transition (Residential Deterioration) Zone 3: Zone of Independent Worker’s Homes Zone 4: Zone of Better Residences (Middle Class) Zone 5: Commuter’s Zone

Question 40

HOYT SECTOR MODEL

Answer 40

city grows outwards from the center, divided into pie-like sectors Core, Low-Rent Residential, Intermediate-Rent Residential, High-Rent Residential, Education and Recreation, Transportation, and Industrial

Question 41

HARRIS-ULLMAN MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

Answer 41

recognizes that the CBD is losing its dominant position as the single nucleus of the urban area Central Business District, Low-Class Residential, Middle-Class Residential, High-Class Residential, Outlying Business District, Wholesale, Industrial Suburb, Heavy Manufacturing, Residential Suburb

Question 42

EDGE CITIES

Answer 42

large urban areas with extensive space for offices and retail businesses on the outskirts of major cities

Question 43

GRIFFIN-FORD MODEL

Answer 43

**Law of the Indies** dictates width of streets and plazas **Favelas** and **Barrios** branch off as radial sectors **Commercial Spine** is surrounded by the elite residential sector

Question 44

ZONE OF MATURITY (GF MODEL)

Answer 44

has the oldest housing and best transportation links to the CBD, including areas of gentrification

Question 45

ZONE OF IN SITU ACCRETION (GF MODEL)

Answer 45

middle class and transitional zone

Question 46

ZONE OF PERIPHERAL SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS (GF MODEL)

Answer 46

includes migrants from rural areas Note: Income Decreases with Distance from CBD

Question 47

DISAMENITY SECTOR

Answer 47

very poorest areas that are not connected to city services and may be run by gangs or drug lords who facilitate the informal economy

Question 48

ZONING LAWS

Answer 48

divide up cities and designate the kinds of development allowed in each zone

Question 49

REDLINING

Answer 49

now-illegal practice where the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation and banks would draw red lines on maps around predominantly black neighborhoods and refuse to offer mortgages to anyone in the area

Question 50

BLOCKBUSTING

Answer 50

realtors soliciting white residents to sell their homes under the guise that the neighborhood was being infiltrated by black residents

Question 51

WHITE FLIGHT

Answer 51

movement of whites from the city and adjacent neighborhoods to the outlying suburbs

Question 52

GENTRIFICATION

Answer 52

the renewal or rebuilding of lower-income neighborhoods into middle or upper-class neighborhoods, usually involving **cleaning streets**

Question 53

GENTRIFICATION FACTS

Answer 53

- Childless Couples and Single People are Growing - Importance of Downtown Sports Arena - America Facing Homelessness Problem - Increased Housing Prices

Question 54

URBAN SPRAWL

Answer 54

unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

Question 55

NEW URBANISM

Answer 55

reform to create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

Question 56

CITY LIVABILITY INDEX

Answer 56

tool to help companies assign hardship allowances considering stability, health care, culture, environment, education, and infrastructure