Urban growth in LICs and NEEs

Question 1

Where is Rio de Janeiro found?

Answer 1

Rio De Janeiro is in the South of Brazil, in South America

Coast of the Atlantic Ocean

Question 2

Name 3 reasons why Rio De Janeiro is well known around the world

Answer 2

Hosted the Olympics in 2016 and the World cup

Rio’s Carnival attracts 1 million people every year

1 of the 7 wonders of the world (Christ the Redeemer statue)

Question 3

How many foreign tourists visit Rio De Janeiro every year

Answer 3

2 million

Question 4

What is the population of Rio De Janeiro?

Answer 4

12.5 million people

Question 5

How much of the countries GDP does Rio De Janeiro provide?

Answer 5

5%

Question 6

Name 3 reasons why Rio De Janeiro is important nationally

Answer 6

Most visited city in Brazil

Many manufacturing industries located here

Port of Rio is important for the export of coffee, sugar and iron ore

Question 7

Name 3 reasons why Rio De Janeiro is important regionally

Answer 7

Provides jobs

Transport hub

School, universities, hospitals

Question 8

What might be some possible push factors for someone moving to the city?

Answer 8

There are few doctors or hospitals

Schools only provide a basic education

Desertification and other climate hazards reduce crop yields

Mechanisation of farming

Question 9

What might be some possible pull factors for someone moving to the city?

Answer 9

There are more employment opportunities

Better medical facilities

A higher standard of living is possible

Better chance of education

Question 10

What are the causes of growth in Rio De Janeiro?

Answer 10

Natural increase

Migration

Question 11

What is Rio’s life expectancy compared to Brazil’s?

Answer 11

77 years (Rio) 73 (Brazil)

Question 12

What is Rio’s infant mortality rates?

Answer 12

6.2 babies die in Rio per 1000 live births (It is 18 in Brazil)

Question 13

How many hospitals are there in Rio De Janeiro?

Answer 13

150 however only 34% of these are public

Question 14

What is Rio’s illiteracy rate compared to Alagoas?

Answer 14

In Rio, the illiteracy rate is 4%

In Alagoas, it is 22%

Question 15

In Rio, how many primary school, secondary schools and universities are there?

Answer 15

1000 primary schools

400 secondary schools

6 major universities

Question 16

How much of Rio De Janeiro’s population has mains water supply?

Answer 16

95%

This figure is 65% in rural populations

Question 17

How much of Rio De Janeiro’s population have access to the power grid?

Answer 17

99%

Question 18

What does the Simplicio hydroelectric complex do and when was it built?

Answer 18

It was built in 2013 and supplies the city with 30% more energy

Question 19

How much of Rio’s workforce work in the informal sector?

Answer 19

About 1/3

Question 20

How can urban industrial areas encourage development?

Answer 20

Attracts investment from other countries

Creates jobs and boosts income in the area and the money generated encourages development

An improving economy often means that money is re-invested back into the area for social projects such as the Favela Bairro project

Good transport infrastructure (Rio has great ports and an airport) enables companies to export to markers abroad and generate greater income

Question 21

What is the multiplier effect?

Answer 21

A chain reaction of activities that stimulate the economy

Question 22

How is tourism an economic opportunity in Rio?

Answer 22

Rio is the top visitor destination in South America and tourism is the city’s biggest industry

Sandy beaches of Copacabana and hot sunny climate

Annual carnival

Question 23

How is Rio economically important nationally?

Answer 23

It is a centre of many manufacturing industries

Rio is also a major centre for banking, finance and insurance

It provides 6% of all employment in Brazil

Question 24

Suggest why managing social challenges may be difficult in Rio De Janeiro?

Answer 24

Rio has a high population of 12.5 million therefore it can be challenging to provide healthcare and water supply to everyone

It is especially challenging to do so in slums as they are disorganised and densely populated.

This can make it difficult to provide infrastructure like electricity cables and water pipes

Furthermore, these slums are difficult to access due to the fact they have narrow roads

Another important point to consider is that Brazil is a NEE and do has a lack of resources and finances to provide social services to everyone

Question 25

Describe the challenge of healthcare in Rio

Answer 25

In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic Services for pregnant women were poor in some areas with only 60% getting access

Question 26

What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to health care for Rio?

Answer 26

In inaccessible and steep parts of the city, like the Santa Marta favelas, there is poor access to medical care Medical staff took a health kit into people's homes and were able to detect 20 different diseases and treat them Infant mortality fell and life expectancy increased

Question 27

Describe the challenge of education in Rio

Answer 27

25% of the poorest children are not in school Only half of all children continue their education beyond 14 Many drop out of school and some are forced into drug trafficking

Question 28

What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to education for Rio?

Answer 28

Encouraging local people to volunteer to help in school Giving school grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping their children in school Opening a private university in Rocinha favela

Question 29

Describe the challenge of water supply in Rio

Answer 29

37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access 12% of Rio's population did not have access to running water

Question 30

What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to water supply for Rio?

Answer 30

Seven new treatment plants were built between 1998 and 2014 and over 300km of pipes were laid

Question 31

Describe the challenge of energy in Rio

Answer 31

The percentage of the population with access to electricity is three times higher than in the countryside The whole city suffers frequent blackouts due to shortage of electricity Electricity in poorer parts of Rio is often obtained by illegally tapping into the main supply (risky and unsafe)

Question 32

What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to energy for Rio?

Answer 32

60km of new power lines installed New nuclear generator

Question 33

Suggest reasons as to why crime may affect the economic development of Rio

Answer 33

Crime will have a negative impact on tourism as people may not feel that Rio is safe and therefore will not come and this means a loss of valuable revenue Foreign investors may not come due to concerns about crime and safety. There are worries over money and goods being stolen. Furthermore, favelas are dominated by crime and so it's hard to develop

Question 34

What are some of the solutions for the unemployment problem in Rio?

Answer 34

The Schools of Tomorrow Aims to improve education for young people in poor and violent areas Courses are available for adults who have temporarily left education but want to continue their studies

Question 35

What are some of the solutions for the crime problem in Rio?

Answer 35

In 2013 Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers Police have taken control of crime-dominated complexo do Alemao and 30 smaller favelas

Question 36

What are some of the physical environmental problems in Rio?

Answer 36

Problems of communication across the bay Algal blooms and eutrophication in the Lagao Roarigo Channel Mountains limit space for building and make the development for an effective transport system difficult and costly

Question 37

What are some of the human environmental problems in Rio?

Answer 37

Social inequality has lead to high crime levels in some areas Smog caused by slow-moving traffic Dereliction due to de-industrialisation of heavy industries such as steel

Question 38

Describe the challenge of air pollution in Rio

Answer 38

Air pollution is estimated to cause 5000 deaths per year Rio is the most congested city in South America

Question 39

What are some of the causes of air pollution in Rio?

Answer 39

Traffic congestion: -Steep mountains make transport routes become very congested as roads can only be built on coastal lowland - Increasing amount of cars (+40%) - High crime levels mean that many people prefer to travel by car

Question 40

What is the impact of congestion on quality of life?

Answer 40

Increases stress Wastes time for commuters and businesses Increases pollution levels

Question 41

What are some of the solutions for air pollution in Rio?

Answer 41

Expansion of the metro system under Guanabara Bay to South Zone and Barra de Tijuca New toll roads into city centre to reduce congestion Making coast roads one-way during rush hours, to improve traffic flow

Question 42

Describe the challenge of water pollution in Rio

Answer 42

Guanabana Bay is highly polluted The water pollution is a major threat to wildlife, particularly fish

Question 43

What are some of the causes of water pollution in Rio?

Answer 43

Rivers are polluted from open sewers in favelas 50 tonnes of industrial waste Ships empty fuel tanks Oil spills from the Petrobas oil refinery

Question 44

What is the impact of water pollution on quality of life?

Answer 44

Commercial fishing has declines by 90% in the last 20 years Water pollution could affect Rio's famous beaches which would damage tourism and the local economy

Question 45

What are some of the solutions to water pollution in Rio?

Answer 45

Overseas aid has been used to reduce the amount of sewage being released into the bay 12 new sewage works- $68 million Ships are fined for discharging fuel illegally

Question 46

Describe the challenge of waste pollution in Rio

Answer 46

Rio produces huge amounts of waste. The worst problems are in the favelas

Question 47

What is the cause of waste pollution in Rio?

Answer 47

Steep slopes + lack of proper roads make access difficult for lorries Most waste is dumped and pollutes water system

Question 48

What is the impact of waste pollution on quality of life in Rio?

Answer 48

Waste pollution can cause diseases like cholera for Rio's residents It is also an eyesore and not pleasant for residents, and may deter tourists from coming to the city

Question 49

What are some of the solutions for waste pollution in Rio?

Answer 49

A power plants has been set up near the University of Rio using methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbish It consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces enough electricity for 1000 homes

Question 50

What is eutrophication?

Answer 50

When sewage pollution in a lake causes an increase in nutrients which can cause dense plant growths. This may lead to a loss of oxygen in the water

Question 51

What is a squatter settlement?

Answer 51

It is an area of a city that is built by people on land that does not belong to them. This means they are illegal settlements

Question 52

What are the challenges of Rio De Janeiro's favelas?

Answer 52

Construction Unemployment Health Crime Services

Question 53

Describe the challenge of construction in Rio De Janeiro's favelas

Answer 53

Initially poorly constructed houses. They are now mostly build from concrete and brick Steep slopes-In 2010, 244 people were killed and 13,000 lost their homes in a landslide Limited road access

Question 54

Describe the challenge of unemployment in Rio De Janeiro's favelas

Answer 54

Unemployment rates are as high as 20% Much employment is poorly paid with irregular jobs in the informal sector

Question 55

Describe the challenge of health in Rio De Janeiro's favelas

Answer 55

Population densities of 37,000 per km Infant mortality rates of 50 per 100 Waste can build in the street which can cause disease Occasionally fires break out-smoke if harmful to health

Question 56

Describe the challenge of crime in Rio De Janeiro's favelas

Answer 56

High murder rate-20 per 1000 Drug gangs dominate many favelas Many inhabitants distrust the police because of violence and corruption

Question 57

Describe the challenge of servcies in Rio De Janeiro's favelas

Answer 57

12% of homes have no running water 30% have no electricity 50% have no sewage connections Drinking water requires several trips day day to city

Question 58

What is a self help scheme?

Answer 58

Local authorities help the squatter settlement residents to improve their homes by offering low-interest loans or grants and skill training

Question 59

What is an example of a site+service scheme in Rio?

Answer 59

The Favela Bairro project which started in 1995 Its aim was to improve the favelas, particularly by upgrading infrastructure and services

Question 60

What are some improvements to Rocinha due to the Favela Bairro project?

Answer 60

Improved schools and health services Own newspaper and radio station 90% of houses are built with brick and with electricity as well as running water and sewage systems Paved roads Private university Banks, cinema, travel agent and a mcdonalds

Question 61

How was the Favela Bairro project succesful?

Answer 61

Employment has improved-people now have a recognised address Crime has reduced because the police now patrol this area making it safer. UPP have been used to reduce crime Improved infrastructure- water supply and sewerage systems are put in place which improves people's quality of life. This is because they live in a safe home and can drink clean water making them healthier Life is improved because children can access schools and medical care giving them more opportunities in the future. Also leisure facilities like cinemas Hillsides secure to prevent landslides

Question 62

How was the Favela Bairro project a failure?

Answer 62

Its expensive. Its budget of $1 billion dollars isn't enoigh to improve the life for everyone. Scale of challenge is too large Rents and prices rise in improved areas and so the poorest people can't afford to liver there Lack of maintenance-the local authority doesn't maintain the new roads an service, so they may become dangerous and derelict over time Residents lack the skills and resources to make repairs