urban issues

Question 1

what does sparsely populated mean

Answer 1

it means an area that contains few people

Question 2

what does densely populated mean?

Answer 2

an area where a large number of people live within a relatively small space

Question 3

what is the definition of urban sprawl?

Answer 3

the growth of towns and cities expanding and taking over areas of countryside

Question 4

what does derelict mean?

Answer 4

its means a building which is empty, unused and often damaged and unsafe

Question 5

what is a greenfield site?

Answer 5

an area of land that is never been built upon before

Question 6

what is a brownfield site?

Answer 6

land that has been built on previously

Question 7

how can the creation of green spaces in city lead to sustainable urban living?

Answer 7

improves air quality-trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide and other pollutants

Question 8

push factors that encourage people to move out rural areas

Answer 8

limited employment opportunities and lower wages
limited access to resources and services
environmental push factors
lack of access to education and healthcare

Question 9

outline one problem cause dereliction in cities

Answer 9

empty buildings can be used for crime which can make people frightened and move away

Question 10

how has social challenges led to urban deprivation in Bristol?

Answer 10

shortage of affordable housing-as house and rent prices increases low income families are pushed into poorer areas like Filwood where housing is often overcrowded or of poor quality. this lead to urban deprivation as people many live in unsafe conditions and not be able to afford basic necessities such as food and water.

people who live in deprived areas are more likely to suffer from physical and mental issues-lack of employment (higher unemployment rates) and limited access to healthcare

schools in deprived areas often have lower exam results and higher dropout rates-this leads to fewer opportunities for higher education and skilled jobs

Question 11

what does urban deprivation mean?

Answer 11

it is a situation where individuals or communities in a city lack essential resources and opportunities to maintain a decent standard of living

Question 12

where is Mumbai

Answer 12

it is located on the western cost of India specifically in the Maharashtra state and it borders the Arabian Sea
it is on the peninsula of the Salsette island

Question 13

social challenges in Mumbai

Answer 13

overcrowding due to rapid rural-urban migration-around 40% of Mumbai’s population lives in slims in Dharavi

in slums there are often no toilets and poor sewage systems
In Dharavi, over 1000 people may share a toilet

diseases (cholera)-water not clean

water supply is limited and is only available at certain times of the day-people rely on shared taps

Question 14

social opportunities in Mumbai

Answer 14

the city has more hospitals than any other urban area

there are over 1000 primary and secondary schools-compulsory free education for children 6-14

literacy rates are higher in Mumbai than the national average 89.7% compared to 74.04%

public transport

Question 15

economic opportunities in Mumbai

Answer 15

financial and commercial capital of India

60% of Indias sea trade is based here

6% of Indias GDP-many job opportunities

also has the headquarters of Indias financial institutions

25% of Indias industrial production

Question 16

dharavi slum challenges

Answer 16

is Mumbais and Indias biggest squatter settlement

1.2 million people crowded into one square mile

lies between two railway lines on a low-lying land, previously used as a rubbish tip

4,000 cases of typhoid and diphtheria day

Question 17

providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy

Answer 17

sixty per cent of the population rely on communal taps-some areas access to freshwater is only accessible from 5am for two hours

factories often pollute the Mithi river and 800 million tonnes of untreated sewage enters the rivers each day

Question 18

environmental challenges in Mumbai

Answer 18

air pollution- caused by vehicle emissions
often exceeds safe air quality levels

Question 19

what is a megacity?

Answer 19

a city of a population of 10 million or more

Question 20

how can water pollution affect people living there?

Answer 20

contaminated water can spread waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid and diphtheria-can be life threatening especially to children and the elderly

poor sanitation-people have to bathe, wash and cook with the contaminated water-worsens hygiene

it puts pressure on the government as they will face higher healthcare costs and pressure on hospitals

Question 21

how can air pollution affect people living there?

Answer 21

breathing polluted air can lead to health conditions such as asthma and lung cancer

long term exposure to the air can shorten life span-can cause millions of early deaths

Question 22

how has the authorities been managing environmental issues in Mumbai

Answer 22

waste segregation at source encouraging people to separate wet and dry waste

Question 23

economic challenges leading to urban deprivation in Bristol

Answer 23

1. deindustrialisation
   2.cost of living vs wages-the cost of living especially housing and transport has increased faster than bristol

Question 24

causes of deindustrialization in Bristol

Answer 24

the shift of the port to Avonmouth in the 1960s was a major turning point leading to the decline of the city centre docks and the industries relied on them

Question 25

how is Freiburg sustainable to urban living

Answer 25

over 85% of the waste recycled excellent public transport systems-trams, buses and cycle paths car use is discouraged by: high parking fees car-free zones over 40% of the city is forested with protected green areas

Question 26

reasons for the growth of megacities

Answer 26

natural increase rural-urban migration better education better healthcare

Question 27

London urban transport strategies to reduce congestion

Answer 27

the Londons bike-sharing scheme provides self-hire bikes and e bikes in many public spaces in London for as little as £1.65 for 30 minutes-encouraged many people to cycle instead of drive London's congestion charging zone requires a daily £15 fee

Question 28

two reasons for the slow rate of urban growth in many higher income countries

Answer 28

many cities are overcrowded in HICs so people are tending to move to rural areas HICs have experienced urban growth earlier in their history during their industrial revolution

Question 29

urban sprawl advantages

Answer 29

land on the outskirts of a city is normally cheaper, making it easier to build larger, more affordable homes for growing populations people can gain a better standard of living-bigger houses, quieter and less crowded neighbourhoods compared to city centres new developments often lead lead to improvements in roads and transport infrastructure helping to reduce inner city congestion

Question 30

urban sprawl disadvantages (environment)

Answer 30

loss of natural habitats-loss of biodiversity increased air pollution as people are living outside of city centres they are more reliant on cars construction and larger residential areas increase waste, sewage and surface run off which can pollute rivers and soils

Question 31

economic problem caused by traffic congestion

Answer 31

causes delays leading to people arriving late or missing meetings which results in lost working hours

Question 32

How is the Freiburg transport scheme used to manage congestion effective?

Answer 32

Freiburg boasts a network of bike lanes (over 500km) has developed a integrated and environmentally sustainable public transport network with trams, cycle routes and buses tram network is extensive and affordable over 70% of the population living within 500m of a tram stop introduced car emission zones and charges for parking- making it more expensive and less convenient for people to drive in the city centre

Question 33

what is a limitation of the transport scheme in Freiburg?

Answer 33

can be expensive to maintain and set up and that they may not be as popular in cities that lack Freiburg's environmental culture-relies on strong public support

Question 34

reasons for the inequalities of education in urban areas in the UK

Answer 34

the wealth of a family can limit their ability to access better schools schools in a poorer areas may receive less funding leading to poorer facilities, less resources and not as experienced teachers children form a low income family is going to lack the education edge as children from a wealthy family that can afford a tutor for example

Question 35

why is national increase high in many cities in LICs or NEEs

Answer 35

because brith rates are high and death rates are falling

Question 36

why is Mumbai internationally important

Answer 36

Mumbai has the largest number of international companies in Asia receives the largest amount of foreign investment of any city in India

Question 37

why is Mumbai nationally important

Answer 37

India's commercial and financial capital contributes $310 billion to its economy 70% of Indias maritime trade highest percentage of people having internet access in the city (12 million people in 2013)

Question 38

how can industrial urban areas create development

Question 39

explain how regeneration can help solve urban problems

Question 40

social opportunities in Bristol

Answer 40

Bristol has two universities (Bristol and UWE) has a vibrant cultural scene including theatres like Bristol Old Vic, music venues, museums and art galleries. its home to the famous street artist Banksy.

Question 41

economic opportunities in Bristol

Answer 41

Bristol has a growing technology and aerospace sector with Airbus, Rolls-Royce and HP bases nearby. this provides high-skilled jobs and boosts the local economy

Question 42

location of Bristol

Answer 42

located in the south west of London approximately 120 miles west of London near the mouth of the river avin

Question 43

advantage of recycling waste

Answer 43

conserving natural resources-reduces the need to extract minerals from the Earth

Question 44

the importance of managing transport as urban sustainability

Question 45

what were the main features of the temple quarter regeneration scheme?

Answer 45

An area covering 72 hectares became an enterprise zone in 2012.

Question 46

why is Mumbai regionally important

Answer 46

three million people from surrounding areas commute for work 40% of the state of Maharashtra's income

Question 47

how did the regeneration solve urban problems in Bristol?

Answer 47

the docks and the warehouses in the Harbourside were abandoned after shipping declined. regeneration turned these into modern flats, offices, museums and shops given it a new economic purpose

Question 48

why is Bristol regionally important

Answer 48

kindest and greenest city Wallace and Gromit home to the street artist Banksy m4 transport link

Question 49

name 3 impacts of migration in Bristol

Answer 49

migrants fill skill gaps and employment gaps increase cultural diversity especially in food St Paul's carnival

Question 50

cabot circus shopping centre-development reasons

Answer 50

Broadmead area was outdated and attractive it made use of Greenfield site reducing urban sprawl providing facilities and services-shops, hotels, restaurants and cinemas

Question 51

how is the government solving the problems in Bristol?

Answer 51

50% of the waste is recycled areas of the city centre are pedestrianised 40 charging points for electric cars

Question 52

causes of growth in Mumbai

Answer 52

natural increase: Mumbai has a high fertility rate, meaning more babies are being born than people are dying- people who tend to migrate there are younger people looking for jobs and are at the age of having children rural to urban migration: economic opportunities and better education and healthcare

Question 53

main features of the temple quarter regeneration

Answer 53

an area of 72 hectares became an enterprise zone in 2012. it is there largest one in the UK. emphasis on creating green spaces and promoting sustainable and energy efficient construction redevelopment of the area in front of the temple meads station- redeveloped into a transport hub

Question 54

describe how the authorities have been managing the environmental issues in Mumbai 6 marks

Answer 54

initiatives like the slum sanitation project have focused on improving sanitation facilities particularly in undeserved areas, and increased access to clean drinking water.

Question 55

what is the rural-urban fringe?

Answer 55

it is the area at the very edge of the city