Urban Issues and challenges Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is ‘urbanisation’?
An increase in the PERCENTAGE of the population that live in cities.
What is ‘Rural to urban migration?’
People moving from the countryside to cities for work or better opportunities.
What kind of people mainly do rural to urban migration? (and what does this lead to?)
Young adults, who have children in cities, which leads to natural increase.
Two push factors for rural to urban migration:
- Drought (which leads to famine)
- Conflict
- Natural hazards
- Isolation
Two pull factors for rural to urban migration:
- Job opportunities (formal, well paid, high educated, formal economy)
- Better healthcare
- Better infrastructure eg. schools, roads
- Public transport.
What is our case study for a LIC/NEE country?
Rio de Janeiro
What is the importance of Rio regionally? (2)
- Major port (coffee, sugar, iron ore)
- Tourist attractions
What is the importance of Rio nationally? (2)
- Brazil’s second largest city
- 5% of Brazil’s GDP
What is the importance of Rio globally? (2)
- 2016 Olympics
- Annual carnival
What are and how does Rio manage environmental issues? (air pollution) *
Problem: 5000 deaths per year, smog from traffic
Solution: new toll roads in city centre, coastal roads are one way during rush hour (reduces congestion and fumes)
How does Rio manage environmental issues? (water pollution) *
Problem: contaminated water at tourist spots (eg. 200 tonnes of raw sewage in the sea per day).
Solution: overseas aid, ships fined for spilling waste, 5km of new sewage pipes.
How does Rio manage environmental issues? (waste) *
Problem: not being disposed of properly, especially in favelas as there are no roads for collection.
Soltution: power plant which uses methane from rubbish to power 1000 homes.
What is our case study for a city in a HIC, and where is it?
Bristol, city in South West England.
What is the importance of Bristol? (5)
- 2x Cathedrals
- 2x universities
- Connected by M4 and airports
- Aerospace, defense, technology industries eg. Air Bus
- Aardmann Animation
What is urban regeneration?
- Improvement of urban areas which are derelict or de-industrialised.
Why was urban regeneration needed in Bristol, and what did they do? (3)
- Improvement of derelict, former industrial sites (eg. glass works, pottery), looked bad, discouraged investment and tourism.
- Reduces urban sprawl
- reduces car use as people can live in the city centre.
What is urban greening?
Preserving and increasing green / open space in urban areas.
Give some examples of urban greening and why it is good: (4)
- 1/3 of Bristol is open space
- helps air pollution, mental / physical health
- Try to link cycle and walking routes to help commutes - physical exercise.
- Range of habitats to encourage diversity eg. open water with lakes.
How can urban areas become more sustainable? (BEDZED) (4)
- ENERGY: solar pannels (renewable energy), double glazed, thicker insulation, South facing windows (sun all day).
- WATER: slate roofs, increased run off which can be used as grey water for toilets and gardens.
- WASTE: reuse and recycling.
- GREENERY: Plants collect water on the roofs, collect CO2 and attract pollinators.
Access to services: (social issues in Rio): (2)
- 50% of children do not continue their education after the age of 14s
- Access to health care in poor urban areas is limited: infant mortality rates can be as high as 50 per 1,000.
High unemployment and crime: (economic issues in Rio): (3)
- unemployment in favelas is near 20%
- 1/3 of workers are in informal work sector, doing dangerous and low paid work
- organised crime is rife in favelas.
What has been done in the Favella Bairro Project: (5)
- Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) to reduce crime
- paving and naming roads
- a new cable car to the centre of the city + one free return ticket per day
- hillsides secured to prevent landslides
- access to water supply and drainage system
Successes of the Favella Biarro Project: (2)
- quality of life has improved
- employment prospects have improved
Failures of the Favella Biarro project: (4)
- didn’t cover all favelas
- expensive to maintain
- rents are rising, outpricing poorest residents
- more education and training is needed to boost their employability.
