Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
(24 cards)
Urbanisation
*Global Patterns of Urbanisation
- Overall: 50% + global population in urban areas
- HICs- slow rate- already urbanised, some cities there is de-urbanisation
- NEEs- varying rates: Brazil- falling, China- rising
- LICs- high- push and pull factors
Urbanisation
Causes of Urbanisation
Natural Increase:
- Birth rate high due to young population
- Death rate low due to good healthcare in cities
Rural to Urban Migration:
- Rural push factors- low wages, bad healthcare
- Urban pull factors- high wages, better QOL
Urbanisation
Megacities
- 10 million + population
- 60% + in LICs and NEEs
Urbanisation - Rio
Case Study: Rio- Fact file
- Diversified economy, busy port
- Exports coffee, sugar, rubber
- 13 million + people
- popular tourist destination- Statue, Carnival, Beaches
Urbanisation - Rio
*Case Study: Rio- Economic Opportunities
- Diverisified economy: many job opportunities- ports + steelworks
- Hospitality sector for tourism: 2 million tourists
Urbanisation - Rio
*Case Study: Rio- Social opportunities
- free healthcare, better healthcare than rural areas
-metro- transport links - 1000+ schools- free education
- Adult literacy rate- 99%
- Developed energy/water services due to industrial importance of Rio
Urbanisation - Rio
*Case Study: Rio- Environmental opportunities
- air quality better than other areas
- waste management is developed
Urbanisation - Rio
Case Study: Rio- Economic Challenges
- struggling to expand due to Mountains in North and Sea in South
- 20% unemployment in Favelas
- High Crime rate
- Informal economy- not taxed
Urbanisation- Rio
Case Study: Rio- Social Challenges
- 50% of students 14+ don’t study
- high infant mortality rate in favelas
- No fresh water and electricity
- Houses in Favelas are not sturdy
Urbanisation- Rio
Case Study: Rio- Environmental Challenges
- Air pollution and traffic congestion
- Untreated sewage in Favelas
- Waste dumped in Favelas causing disease
Urbanisation- Rio
*Case Study: Rio- Urban Planning for the Poor to improve QOL
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT):
- carry 220,000 a day
Schools of Tommorow:
- 155 schools in poorest areas- reduce dropout
Favela Bairro Project:
- Pacifying Police Units
- Improving sanitation and electricity systems
Urban Change in the UK- London
Case Study: London- National and International Importance
National:
- largest and wealthiest UK city
- Many road networks converging
- Centre of government
Global:
- top universities
- Canary Wharf: HQs of huge companies
- Financial centre and home to London Stock Exchange
- Cultural importance- Buckingham Palace
Urban Change in the UK- London
Case Study: London- Causes of London’s Rising Population
- Internal migration from other areas
- International migration for skilled work/Uni
- Natural increase- young immigrant population
Urban Change in the UK- London
Case Study: London- Opportunities
Social:
- cultural mix, cuisines, entertainment
- Sports and music venues
- Transport -TfL
Economic:
- Many Huge companies- jobs in tertiary sector
Environmental:
- Urban Greening- St James’s Park
Urban Change in the UK- London
Case Study: London- Challenges
Social:
- urban deprivation- 25% below poverty line
- inequality in education and health
- air pollution and traffic congestion
Economic:
- rising house prices
Environmental:
- Air pollution
- Urban sprawl
- Dereliction and Brownfield sites due to industrial decline
Urban Change in the UK- London
*Case Study: London- Urban Sprawl
Expansion of London into surrounding rural areas- growing population-> growing housing demand
- rate of housebuilding tripled since 2013
- Housebuilding in rural-urban fringe- harming environment
- Commuter settlements: where people live but travel to work- caused house prices to rocket in London and increase congestion
Urban Change in the UK- Stratford
Case Study: Stratford Regeneration- Why is regeneration needed
Area deindustrialised after London Docks closed in 1960s
- High unemployment
- Poor exam results and lack of investment
- Browinfield sites: ideal for sustainable building
- Intl. rail terminal- potential for good transport links
Urban Change in the UK- Stratford
Case Study: Stratford Regeneration features
Govt. used 2012 Olympics as catalyst
- Improved transport infrastructure
- Westfield complex- attracted investment + jobs
- £2.1 Billion additional spending
- Brownfield sites reclaimed to create parks
Urbanisation in the UK
Urbanisation/City patterns in the UK
- 80% + in urban areas
- Most cities in flat lowland areas in SW- better climate and links to Europe
- North West and Wales- Sparsely populated
Urbanisation in the UK
Urban zones
Although urban areas are different, many develop with similar patterns of growth
- Burgess Model: concentric pattern
- Hoyt Model: better transport links to CBD and outward progression of growth
Urban Sustainability
Strategies in the UK
Water conservation:
- East Village London- water usage is 50% of national average
- achieved by recycling waste for irrigation
Energy conservation:
- BedZed
Waste recycling:
- Each London council collects
- Manchester council replced with smaller bins- boost recycling rates
Urban green spaces:
- Increase air quality and reduce flooding due to trees
- Sheffield- greenest in the UK
Urban Sustainability
Traffic congestion solutions
- ULEZ, Parking fees
- Improving public transport
- Pedestrian friendly areas
Urban Sustainability
Case Study: Freiburg, Germany
- population: 230,000
- By 2035- 100% renewable aim
Urban Sustainability
Case Study: Freiburg, Germany- strategies
Economic sustainability:
- sustainability conferences- revenue
- env. businesses creates 10,00+ jobs
Social sustainability:
- community owned energy schemes
Environmental sustainability:
- Lots of packaging recycled
- bioenergy from organic waste
- tramlinks + parking fines to reduce congestion
