Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards
(46 cards)
What is urbanisation?
The increase in proportion of people living in urban areas in comparison to rural areas.
What is a megacity? Examples?
A city with a population of over 10 million.
- Tokyo
- New York
Why do HICs have slower urban growth than LICs?
Because HICs have already urbanised whereas LICSs are currently still urbanising.
What are the two factors that affect urbanisation?
- migration
- natural increase
What is migration?
The movement of population from one area to another. Rural to urban migration is from the countryside to city areas.
What is a push factor?
something that can force or encourage people to move away from and area. E.g. Drought, flooding, lack of employment, war
What is a pull factor?
Something which encourages people to move to from an area. E.g. More job opportunities, closer to health services, higher standard for of living in city
What is natural increase?
People having babies. Natural increase has a major effect on rates of urbanisation. Birth rates are very high. Can increase as death rates fall. Result of:
- better medical care
- improved food supply
- improved wealth
Describe the location of rio
- south of the equator
- very close to Tropic of Capricorn
- Southern Hemisphere
- South America
- south east of Brazil
- near coast
What is rios international importance?
2016 olympics
What is rios national importance?
Second largest city for industry
What is rios regional importance?
Important culture
Carnivals beaches
Why has rio grown
Rural to urban migration - people from country moving to city for a better life
Economic opportunities:
Manufacturing- wide range of products e.g. Steel, Volta redonda steel woks biggest in South America
Oil refining- rio refined 2 mil barrels per day
Service industries- e.g. Education, health care, 60% of employment in rio in service sector
Tourism- contributes $6.5 bill to rios economy, generates 52,600 jobs
What are the types of employment in rio?
Port industries Service industries Construction Steelworks Tourism Manufacturing Oil refining
Rio olympics: opportunities:
New sports facilities
New museums
Cleaning up bay
Tourists
Rio olympics: challenges:
Nearly bankrupted city
Money not going into important things
Knocking down favelas
Couldn’t keep promises of keeping water clean
Social challenges: How is education in rio an issue?
- only compulsory for 6-14 y/o
- in rio only half of children continued their education beyond 14
- many drop out, get involved in drug trafficking
- shortage of school nearby
- lack of money and need to work
- shortage of teachers-poor training
- can’t get good jobs
What’s been done for education in rio
- encouraging local people to volunteer in schools
- giving school grants to poor families
- Opening favela in favela roncinha
Social challenges: how is water supply an issue in rio?
- 12% rio didn’t have access to running water
- estimated 37% of water lost through leaky pipes-became worse in recent years
- no access to clean water
- situation becoming worse
What’s been done for water supply in rio?
- trying to improve quality + quantity of water in favelas
- seven new treatment plants built between 1998 and 2014
- by 2014 95% had means of a water supply
Social challenges: how is energy and challenge in rio?
- whole city suffers blackouts due to shortage of electricity
- growing population + olympics make situation worse
- many people get their electricity by tapping into the main supply - illegal + unsafe
- homes without power may not be able to cook
- someone could be electrocuted
What’s been done for energy in rio?
- installed 60km of new power lines
- built a new nuclear generator
- developed new simplicio hyrdio-electric complex - increase rios supply by 30%
- took 6 years to build, cost $2 billion
Social challenges: how’s is healthcare an issue in rio?
- 2013, 55% of city has local family health clinic and services for pregnant women and elderly were very poor
- infant mortality rates high
- average life expectancy low
