Urban Issues and Challenges (Seneca) Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
From —- , the world’s urban population exceeded the world’s rural population.
A
2007
2
Q
Urbanisation is
A
the rise in the proportion of people living in towns and cities, defined as urban areas.
3
Q
From 2007, the world’s urban population ——— the world’s rural population.
A
exceeded
4
Q
The UK began to urbanise in the —— when lots of people moved from farms in the countryside into cities to work in the cotton and textiles industries.
A
late 1800s
5
Q
The UK began to urbanise in the late 1800s when lots of people moved from farms in the countryside into cities to work in the …
A
cotton and textiles industries
6
Q
In ——-, 79% of the UK population lived in towns or cities.
A
1950
7
Q
In 1950, ——- of the UK population lived in towns or cities.
A
79%
8
Q
As cities grow, they become more and more crowded, causing …
A
some people to move back to rural areas.
9
Q
Improving transport infrastructure allows people to …
A
commute into cities to work from further away
10
Q
Crossrail will allow more people to commute into London from 1.and the …
A
- further away
HS2 high-speed rail project theoretically expands the number of people who can commute into London massively.
11
Q
—————- are examples of LICs.
A
Ethiopia, Niger, and Nepal
12
Q
In the next few decades, people expect these low-income countries to experience …
A
rapid urbanisation.
13
Q
—————, and Thailand are examples of NEEs.
A
China, India, Brazil
14
Q
NEEs are experiencing …
A
rapid urbanisation.
15
Q
What does NEE stand for?
A
Newly Emerging Economy
16
Q
The 2 main causes of urbanisation are …
A
rural-urban migration and natural increase
17
Q
High rates of urbanisation are leading to the creation of …
A
megacities (cities with more than 10m inhabitants)
18
Q
Push factors force people to …
A
leave a place
19
Q
One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: People’s homes and jobs destroyed by a …
A
natural disaster.
20
Q
One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: Automation (things like combine harvesters) cause …
A
people to lose their jobs in rural agriculture
21
Q
One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: Land becomes uninhabitable because of processes like …
A
desertification
22
Q
One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: Government …
A
mandate (Singapore under Lee Kuan-Yew forced people to move from farms
23
Q
One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: Civil …
A
wars, can force people to leave a place.
24
Q
One example of a pull factor for rural-urban migration: Like in the UK in the Industrial Revolution, there may be …
A
more jobs and higher paid jobs in cities.
25
One example of a pull factor for rural-urban migration: Cities usually have more …
doctors, nurses, teachers, and other wellbeing infrastructure.
26
One example of a pull factor for rural-urban migration: If the trend is that more people are moving to cities, people may …
just move to live closer to their family and friends.
27
One example of a pull factor for rural-urban migration: Cities usually have more …
cinemas, shops and fun things to do
28
Natural increase happens when …
the number of people dying is smaller than the number of people being born.
29
People living in cities usually have a lower average age than …
people living in rural areas, so birth rates are usually higher in cities.
30
What do we call a city with a population greater than 10 million?
Megacity
31
Lagos' state government says the population of Lagos is ...
17.5 million
32
The national government claims the population of Lagos is …
21 million.
33
——- is the largest city in Nigeria
Lagos
34
The annual rate of natural increase in Nigeria is …
25% every 5 years.
35
The life expectancy of someone living in Lagos is …
54.5 years
36
Across Nigeria as a whole, the average life expectancy is ...
53.4 years
37
There are more doctors and hospitals in Lagos than …
in the surrounding rural areas.
38
In 2010, the adult literacy rate of people living in Lagos was …
92%
39
In some rural states, the adult literacy rate was as low as 1. and it was 2. on average in Nigeria.
1. 14%
2. 57%
40
Lagos has clean 1. , 2. into housing and 3. centres and malls.
1. water supplies
2. electricity
3. good entertainment
41
In ——, Nigerian startups raised $600 million in investor funding.
2019
42
In 2019, Nigerian startups raised ——— in investor funding.
$600 million
43
In 2019, Nigerian startups raised $600 million in investor funding. This is ——-of all the startup investment in Africa and most of this funding was negotiated in Nigerian cities.
50%
44
In 2019, Nigerian startups raised $600 million in investor funding. This is 50% of …
all the startup investment in Africa and most of this funding was negotiated in Nigerian cities.
45
——- of the Nigerian population work in agriculture
30%
46
In 2018, the GDP per capita in Lagos is …
$5,000 (twice the GDP per capita of Nigeria)
47
1. more expensive and food is 2. more expensive in African cities (vs rural areas).
1. 77%
2. 26%
48
Lagos is Nigeria's biggest city for …
banking, investment, and international transactions.
49
Lagos is a megacity found in Nigeria. What type of country is Nigeria?
NEE
50
The rapid growth of Lagos has created …
challenges for the people living there and the local government.
51
There are ——— in Lagos and their emissions can contribute to things like acid rain.
1 million cars
52
There are 1 million cars in Lagos and their emissions can contribute …
to things like acid rain.
53
Traffic is awful in Lagos, public transport is bad and a few key bridges act as …
bottlenecks for all the cars.
54
Smog is a problem in ...
Lagos
55
Air pollution is measured using a metric called …
PM2.5.
56
A safe level is 1. and in 2016, parts of Lagos had PM2.5 readings of 2.
1. 56
2. 217
57
Lagos is 1. polluted and could be 2.
1. very
2. dangerous to the inhabitants of the city.
58
The Olusosun landfill site is the …
largest dump in Africa
59
The ——- landfill site is the largest dump in Africa
Olusosun
60
——— tons of rubbish is put in the Olusosun there each day.
10,000
61
Unemployed men who live in the Makoko slum create ————- These people are called 'Area Boys'.
vigilante groups to provide security.
62
Unemployed men who live in the 1. slum create vigilante groups to provide security. These people are called …
1. Makoko
'Area Boys'.
63
In Lagos Fishermen …
struggle to catch fish and earn a living.
64
In Lagos, Lots of people scavenge for …
rubbish in the city to try to earn a living
65
Nigeria's murder rate is 1. murders per 100,000 people. In the UK it is 1.2 per 100,000 people.
1. 9.85
2. 1.2
66
What are examples of newly emerging economies?
India
Thailand
China
67
How much more money do people in Lagos earn relative to the people living elsewhere in Nigeria?
Double
68
In 2016, the World Bank found that —- of people living in Nigeria lived in slums.
2/3
69
————— are the 3 of the largest slums in Lagos.
Makoko, Badia, and Agege
70
Lots of people in the Makoko slum moved to Lagos to earn a living fishing. However, the waters near the slum are ——————- This means that fishermen …
full of sewage and fish struggle to live there.
struggle to get other jobs.
71
Many of the children living in the Lagos slums do not go to ...
school
72
Between 1. and 2. of people have daily access to clean water in Lagos.
1. 67%
2. 81%
73
The —— has given funding to try to improve the sanitation in the Lagos slums.
World Bank
74
People drink water from the area where ——————- in the same water. This spreads ...
- fishermen fish and people go to the toilet
- Waterborne diseases like cholera
75
Rio de Janeiro is a …
major city located in the south-east of Brazil.
76
Rio de Janeiro is a ———- World Heritage Site.
UNESCO
77
Rio de Janeiro hosted the 1. Olympics and was one of the host cities during the 2. Football World Cup.
1. 2016
2. 2014
78
Rio de Janeiro is a ——-, ——- centre and centre for ——-.
- port
- industrial
- banking
79
Rio’s population has grown due to …
natural increase and migration.
80
Migrants move to Rio from 1. , such as the 2. , as well as from other countries in 3. , such as 4.
1. other places in Brazil
2. Amazon Basin
3. South America
4. Argentina and Bolivia.
81
— —- was the colonial power that historically controlled Brazil.
Portugal
82
Portugal was the colonial power that historically controlled Brazil. Because the same language is spoken in both countries, …
some Portuguese citizens may move to Brazil.
83
In Rio de Janeiro, Young people have the chance to go to …
school and university and medical services can visit people at home to treat 20 different diseases.
84
In Rio de Janeiro, —— of the population have access to mains water.
95%
85
In Rio de Janeiro, Power supplies have been …
improved as the city has grown
86
—— of all employment in Brazil is in Rio.
6%
87
In Rio de Janeiro, People can get jobs in Rio’s industries such as …
oil refining, building, shopping and tourism
88
As people have moved to Rio, the slums have …
grown
89
Slums in Rio are known as ———. —— is the largest favela in Rio.
favelas
Rocinha
90
—— of homes in Rio’s favelas have no sewerage.
50%
91
—— of homes in Rio’s favelas have no electricity.
30%
92
—- of homes in Rio’s favelas have no running water.
12%
93
Only —— of children in Rio stay in school past 14.
50%
94
Only 50% of children in Rio stay in school past
14
95
Infant mortality (Rio de Janeiro) in favelas can be as high as —- per 1,000 children.
50
96
In Rio de Janeiro, Unemployment rates in favelas are over …
20%
97
In Rio de Janeiro, t he murder rate can be up to —— per 1,000 people.
20
98
In Rio de Janeiro, There is no waste disposal service in the favelas, so …
rubbish piles up.
99
In Rio de Janeiro, Air pollution caused by fumes from cars and factories causes around —— deaths a year.
5,000
100
In Rio de Janeiro, High numbers of cars on the roads leads to …
severe traffic congestion.
101
The major cities in the UK are …
London, Birmingham, Newcastle, Leeds, Liverpool, Cardiff, Manchester, Belfast, Edinburgh, Bristol, and Glasgow.
102
What is the population of London ?
8.9 million
103
Lagos in Nigeria does not have a good recycling system and lots of waste ends up in the …
Olusosun landfill site.
104
There are approximately ——- favelas in Rio de Janeiro
1000
105
———- is the largest favela in Rio.
Rocinha
106
—% of Brazils jobs are in Rio.
6
107
Rio has lots of ———- industries
Manufacturing
108
Lots of —- investing in Brazil leading to jobs
TNC
109
In Rio, ——— of new water pipes are being laid.
300km
110
—— new sewage works have opened.
12
111
In 2018, there was ———- in London.
5.8 million
112
The average wage in London is …
£34,470
113
————————- are the two most common sector in UK.
Tertiary and quaternary
114
In the 1950s, the UK went through 1. This resulted in creation of …
1. deindustrialisation
2. Tertiary and quaternary industries
115
In Rio de Janeiro, HEP powers station there are new —— of power lines.
60km
116
In Rio, there are —— of sewage pipes in badly polluted areas.
5km
117
In Rio, the life expectancy is 1. , this is rising to 2.
1. 63
2. 80
118
In favelas in Rio, many medical staff go into favelas to
Give free healthcare
119
Rio has — major airports.
2
120
Rio has —- shipping ports.
5
121
To reduce pollution in Rio, on certain roads there is a …
Charge
122
In Rio favelas, the murder rate is —- per 1000 people.
20
123
In Rio favelas, the infant mortality rate is —- per 1000 people.
50
124
Rio de Janeiro is a ...
major city located in the south-east of Brazil.
125
Rio de Janeiro is a --------- World Heritage Site
UNESCO
126
Which European country provides the most migrants to Rio due to the same language being spoken?
Portugal
127
Below are four ways of making urban life more sustainable:
- Energy conservation
- Waste recycling
- Creating green space
- Water conservation
128
-------------, the capital of Iceland is the most energy efficient city in the world.
Reykjavik
129
A good recycling system involves …
easy sorting of what can be recycled and what can't, easy collection, low contamination of recycling waste and the infrastructure to actually recycle after collection.
130
Green space is supposed to be good for mental health and encourages exercise (which reduces the chances of having poor mental health by —%).
6
131
The average one-person household in the UK needs ——- litres of water per day to keep their lifestyle going.
149
132
----------------------------- is the most energy efficient city in the world. It uses geothermal and hydroelectric power and its buses are hydrogen powered.
Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland
133
What are four ways of making urban life more sustainable?
- Energy conservation
- Creating green space
- Water conservation
- Waste recycling
134
In 2017/18, ------------ trips were taken on the London Underground.
1.4 billion
135
----------------------- bikes can be rented to get from A to B.
Santander or 'Boris'
136
Consumers can 'tap in' and 'tap out' of the tube or buses using ...
an Oyster card, a bank card or their mobile phones.
137
------------------------ reduce congestion, however, the plan to make London's Oxford Street pedestrianised failed because of protests.
Pedestrianised zones
138
Pedestrianised zones reduce congestion, however, the plan to make London's Oxford Street pedestrianised failed because ...
of protests.
139
Urban transport strategies for reducing traffic congestion:
- managing traffic flow
- Encouraging the use of public transport
140
London's tube system has ---lines.
12
141
The latest line, which opened in 2022, is called the -------- line.
Elizabeth
142
What does NEE stand for?
Newly Emerging Economy
143
What are the two main causes of urbanisation?
- Rural-urban migration
- natural increase
144
What are examples push factors for rural-urban migration?
- Desertification makes the land less productive
- natural disasters destroying people's homes
145
——- of the UK lived in a urban area.
82%
