Urban issues & challenges (p2)

Question 1

Urbanisation

Answer 1

The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities.
. Rapid urbanisation is a feature of many LICs and NEEs.
. Rural to urban

Question 2

Push factor- Rural to Urban

Answer 2

Gangs & violence
. Boko haram

Question 3

Pull factor- To Lagos

Answer 3

Run by government
. Safer for people and families

Question 4

Push factor - Rural to Urban

Answer 4

Poor education in rural areas
. Around 60 % children in rural areas attend school

Question 5

Pull factor - To Lagos

Answer 5

Good education in the city
. 98% of children attend primary school or a form of education
.11,226 primary schools and 10 universities

Question 6

Push factor

Answer 6

Healthcare is very poor in rural areas

Question 7

Pull factor

Answer 7

Healthcare is much better in Lagos with 12 main hospitals

Question 8

Push factor

Answer 8

Lack of employment and jobs in rural areas of Nigeria

Question 9

Pull factor

Answer 9

Lagos has good employment population
. 2 main ports, banks, construction for the rapid growth of the city

Question 10

Push factor

Answer 10

No running water and the water is very polluted and dirty

Question 11

Pull factor

Answer 11

More areas with running water (40% of city) and clean water

Question 12

Natural increase

Answer 12

.High birth rates (35.2 per 1000)
.Fairly high death rates (9.6 per 1000)

Question 13

Rural to urban migration

Answer 13

Ethnic conflict
Violence
Poverty
Better quality of life in Lagos

Question 14

Social opportunities

Answer 14

.40% of Nigeria’s electricity supply
.Water treatment plants provide safe water that is piped

Question 15

Lagos

Answer 15

Lagos is located in the country of Nigeria, where it borders Chad and Niger.
. Large migrant population
. Highest GDP of any African country
. Mega city ~ over 15 million population
. Home to 80% of Nigerias industry
. 5th largest economy in africa

Question 16

Pollution

Answer 16

Waste disposal - landfill sites
Burning of waste - air polljtion
Car pollution - Large population = car pollution

Question 17

Employment structure

Answer 17

Lagos employment structure

. 3% in primary (farming)
. 19% secondary (factories&manufacturing)
. 78% tertiary jobs (offices)

Question 18

Formal employment

Answer 18

Employees pay tax to the government so in hand gain workers rights

Question 19

Informal employment

Answer 19

no tax paid, workers do jobs like street vending

Question 20

Urban growth challenges

Answer 20

. Having to expand onto the lagoon as overcrowding has become a problem
. Makoko

Question 21

Makoko Floating school

Answer 21

. Fits 100 students & is free for students
. Easy to build and local workers are used
. Education improves the likelihood that the children will get out of Makoko
. Built with sustainable materials such as 250 floating plastic barrels
. Solar power, rainwater

Question 22

Traffic congestion

Answer 22

Limited public transport in Lagos worsen air pollution as cars now take longer to get into the city

Question 23

Distribution Of uk population

Answer 23

Uneven due to to factors like coastline trading, mineral wealth in cities like Newcastle
. Based on climate an terrain as big areas in Scotland e.g highlands are very hard to live on or farm on
. Historical reasonings that held purpose.

Question 24

Birmingham

Answer 24

Located just off centre of England in the region of the midlands. Found North west of London and is nicely linked with main motorways such as the m6 and m5

Question 25

Importance to the Wider world

Answer 25

. Become alternative business hub in the Uk . Draws international investment such as HSBCs $200 million uk HQ . Home to the international convention centre . Held the 2022 commonwealth games . Birmingham international airport . Welcomes over 9000 international students into its 5 Universities each year

Question 26

Migration - Positive

Answer 26

Very diverse areas in the centre and west of Birmingham . large variety of cultures bring rich food culture . Diverse religions which bring new architecture to the city e.g mosques . Cultural mixing

Question 27

Migration Negative

Answer 27

. Created social strains and segregation . Enclaves are created as religious groups isolate from each other . Racial violence e.g Birmingham Riots 2005

Question 28

Opportunities of urban change - Environmental

Answer 28

. One of the greenest cities in Europe with over 500 parks and more trees the any city in Europe

Question 29

Opportunities of urban change - Social

Answer 29

. 5 universities and over 50000 students - young and dynamic city . Excellent transport links with the rest of the Uk . Many museums, theatres and sporting events

Question 30

Opportunities of urban change - economic

Answer 30

. Waste disposal improvements have lead to the Energy recovery facility - uses rubbish and converts it into energy . Largest number of businesses and business start ups outside of London . Increase in investment of brownfield sites including canals. The mailbox and Brindley place

Question 31

Challenges of urban growth - Environmental

Answer 31

. waste disposal problems - 20% o waste was recycled in 2015 meaning a large % has not . Greenfield land is being used up for the increasing population (housing)

Question 32

Challenges of Urban growth - Social

Answer 32

. Space is rare so ethnic tensions are increasing . Brownfield sites that may be historical are being developed

Question 33

Transport opportunities - Integrated transport system

Answer 33

Tram - Links the city centre to the outskirts of Birmingham. Lowers co2 emissions as more people are involved in one journey, also less congestion Trains - 3 train stations including New street, snowshill and Moore side. New street =$600 million re-development and 300000 passengers a day Pedestrians - walking is more environmentally sustainable so pedestrian zones are being frequently made . Greens zones - rings around the city reduces traffic congestion in the city

Question 34

Urban greening

Answer 34

public landscaping and urban foresting projects that create mutually beneficial relationships between city dwellers and the env

Question 35

Urban greening importance

Answer 35

. Helps combat air and noise pollution . Soaks in rain water - helps with flooding prevention . Habitat creation . Lifts morale in cities - lessens urban crime

Question 36

Deprivation

Answer 36

Lack of necessities required for decent quality of life 7 domains: . Income . Employment . Education . Health . Crime . Barriers to housing and services . Living environment

Question 37

Brownfield sites

Answer 37

Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use. . Derelict buildings that are now awaiting repair and renovation . Disadvantage - got to destroy what’s already

Question 38

Greenfield sites

Answer 38

- an area of land that has not been developed previously . Usually on the outskirts - Birmingham

Question 39

Case study for tourism

Answer 39

Kenya - Attractions: Nairobi, mount Kenya . Hiking . Fishing . Wildlife . Beach’s Disadvantages: tribes are effected, vulnerable to terrorist attacks, buildings and facilities can destroy natural habitats

Question 40

Urban sprawl

Answer 40

Urban sprawl is where commuter settlements have emerged around the outside of urban areas. . Usually workers who live in rural areas but travel back into urban areas for work . Usually still close to a motorway

Question 41

Counter urbanisation

Answer 41

The movement of people out of the city areas into surrounding settlements within commutable distance . Bus services are closing as families have two cars

Question 42

Urban regeneration

Answer 42

Happens when an urban area is upgraded. . Aim is to improve both social and economic spaces in cities. . Usually takes place in derelict and brown field sites E.g New street station and Snows hill station into offices

Question 43

Sustainability

Answer 43

Environmental, social, economic

Question 44

Grand central case study

Answer 44

. 1000 new jobs . High end shops . Solar panels

Question 45

Curitiba

Answer 45

Water conservation - Water metre instillation, separate drinking water systems Energy conservation - Separate bus lanes are built so buses are slowed down and prevent congestion, also want to replace the cities energy supply to hydroelectric Green space - government puts in place green space schemes which stop urban sprawl Waste - One of the only cities in the world that collect 100% of their waste and recycle 70 % of it.