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Mrs Goddard CUE > Urban Processes, Urbanisation, Megacities And Urban Change > Flashcards

Urban Processes, Urbanisation, Megacities And Urban Change Flashcards

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1
Q

Global pattern of urbanisation since 1945

A

Rural and urban both increasing until 2007 when urban increases massively to above rural and rural decreases

HICs highest but slows since 1975

NEEs quick increase from 1975 to present

LICs steady

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2
Q

Percentage urbanised current day of HICs NEEs and LICs

A

HICs. 82%
NEEs. 61%
LICs. 36%

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3
Q

What is the Brant line

A

North south divide based on GDP in 1980s circles world at 30*N and includes Australia and New Zealand in north

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4
Q

Is there still a north south divide

A

Yes but less considerably
Visible in terms of GDP
Several anomalies

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5
Q

G7

A

Japan
UK
USA
Canada
Germany
Italy
France

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6
Q

Percentage of world population in urban areas and how that will increase

A

56% (4.4 billion)

To double by 2050 to 7/10 people

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7
Q

São Paulo

A

10% of population
25% of national GDP

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8
Q

Urban increase causes

A

Natural increase
Rural urban migration

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9
Q

Push factors

A

Large families
Lack of access to service
Limited jobs
Drought and livelihoods damaged
Mechanisation of farming
Malnutrition
Limited access to water
Soil erosion
War/ conflict
Lack of fertile farmland

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10
Q

Pull factors

A

Employment
Higher income
Better education and healthcare
Family/ social connections
Protection from conflict

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11
Q

Urban form pyramid

A

Top- conovation
City
Large town
Small town
Village
Hamlet
Bottom- Isolated places

(Increase with size population and services as you go up)

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12
Q

Type of city shapes

A

Linear
Nucleated
Dispersed

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13
Q

Burgess model

A

Centre- CBD
Inner cities
Inner suburbs
Outside- outer suburbs (traditionally most expensive)

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14
Q

Bid rent theory

A

Price of land highest in centre and lowest in outer so shops and offices in centre then industry then residential

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15
Q

Hoyt

A
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16
Q

Hoyt model

A

Version of burgess model in LICs
CBD and outward bands like high class residents and factories

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17
Q

Urban morphology

A

Spatial structure and organisation of an urban area

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18
Q

Examples of how physical environment affect cities

A

Rio
Huddersfield

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19
Q

Inner city redevelopment in York

A

1960s
St Benedict’s road
Loathed street
Fishergate flats

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20
Q

Urbanisation

A

The increase in the proportion of a country’s population to at lives in towns or cities

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21
Q

Suburbanisation

A

1930s-1960s
The process of population movement from the central areas of cities towards the suburbs on the outskirts or rural urban fringe

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22
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

1980s
The process in which the population of cities actually falls as people move out beyond the rural urban fringe into areas that are truly rural

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23
Q

Urban resurgence

A

The movement of people back to live in to cities which have been redeveloped

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24
Q

Reasons for urbanisation

A

Industrialisation- rural urban migration
Natural increase

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25
Reasons for suburbanisation
Decline Despair Deprivation Ability to commute Pull factors of green areas etc …
26
Reasons for counter urbanisation
Commuting House prices and type Decentralisation and the Push= fewer jobs, house prices,traffic congestion,air and noise pollution,lack of green areas, fear of raising children in cities Pull= jobs, property prices, retail decentralised, bigger houses, greenery and fresh air, slower pace of life
27
Consequences of urbanisation
Urban sprawl Shanty towns Increase in population density
28
Consequences of suburbanisation (inner city)
Inner - increased unemployment due to decentralisation of jobs = increased poverty - derelict buildings -decrease in high rise new builds -increased industrial and residential clearance -Increasednopportunity for environmental development
29
Consequences of suburbanisation (suburbs)
-increasing land price - increased pressure on green belt - increased commuters so increased congestion - increased demand for recreational facilities - increased demand for retailing - increasing employment - young people forced away due to rising prices
30
Consequences of counter urbanisation
Affects on rural areas and city are negative
31
Reasons for urban resurgence
- government lead redevelopments and private companies - social and demographic changes= later marriage age and falling birth rate and people choosing to live close to work
32
Consequences of urban resurgence
Increased demand for shops and services Positive multiplier effect Further investment and improvement to built environment Pressure on infrastructure House prices rise Increase in inequality between rich and poor
33
Characteristics of suburbs
Lower density good bus and road access Proximity of edge of town supermarkets Small suburban shopping streets
34
What is a mega city
Cities with more than 10 million people
35
1950 mega cities-
2 NY and Tokyo
36
1980- mega cities
5 Mexico City, São Paulo And Osaka joined
37
2010 mega cities
Over 20 and spanning almost every continent
38
2017
32 with over half in asia
39
2030 prediction for mega cities
41 with 9% of population in them
40
World cities
London Tokyo New York
41
What are world cities
Cities which have great influence on a global scale because of theis financial status and worldwide commercial power
42
Characteristics of megacities and world cities
Multifunctional infrastructure International financial services Centres of communication Headquarters of multinational corporations Manufacturing centres Domination of trade and economy International significance Centre of new ideas and innovation Decision making power Service sectors High quality and important education institutions
43
Definitions Economic
Relating to trade industry and money Eg cities attracting people due to jobs/better pay, businesses being more profitable with bigger population and commercial farming taking over
44
Definitions Social
Of society quality of life and access to services Eg Cities have higher living standards, are centres for culture and migration can see an increase in mix of people with different backgrounds
45
Definition Technological
Use of knowledge to invent new devices and tools Eg Factories= technological advancements and emergence of high tech industry with specialised and well paid jobs
46
Definition Political
Work of government way that people living in groups make decisions Eg Inequalities in wealth New political movements representing working class and political reform
47
Definition Demographic
Demography studies the statistics of human population Age Gender Ethnicity Income Eg Cities get larger and wealthier so attract migrants and areas become more culturally and ethically diverse Young people also more attracted to cities
48
Definition Processes
A sequence of actions, natural and/or cultural that shape and change environments,places and societies
49
Definition Urbanisation
Proportion of the population who live in cities
50
Definition Urban growth
An increase in the absolute size of an urban population
51
Deindustrialisation definition
The reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy especially of heavy industry or manufacturing Significant in UK
52
When did deindustrialisation occur in the UK
1980s
53
Where in UK was mostly affected by de industrialisation
Sheffield= iron and steel Bradford= textiles Coventry= car manufacturing
54
Change of sector jobs 1800 to 2006
1800 75% primary 10% tertiary 2006 74% tertiary 2% primary
55
Causes of de industrialisation
Mechanisation Competition from abroad Reduced demand for traditional products
56
Example of factory deindustrialisation in UK
Dyson in 2002 800 jobs lost Moved to far east 2019 Head offices also move to singapore
57
Impacts of deindustrialisation
Decline Deprivation Despair
58
Decentralisation definition
Outward movement of people and activities from established centres
59
Causes of decentralisation
People moved to lower density developments in outer suburbs Mechanised industry required more space and plenty of parking Services- offices and retail also decentralised
60
What accompanied decline of manufacturing sector
Rise of services economy
61
Why was rise of service economy occurred
Growth of financial services Technological advancement and specialised services Expanding leisure and retail due to increased affluence

Mrs Goddard CUE (4 decks)

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