Urbanisation

Question 1

What is land used for in the CBD?

Answer 1

Businesses, e.g. shops and offices

Question 2

What is land used for in the inner city?

Answer 2

Low-class housing and industry

Question 3

What is land used for in the suburbs?

Answer 3

Medium-class housing

Question 4

What is land used for in the rural-urban fringe?

Answer 4

Business parks and high class housing

Question 5

What are the social, economic and cultural factors of the CBD?

Answer 5

S: it is busy and accessible
E: land is only affordable to businesses
C: it is centre point for entertainment

Question 6

What are the social, economic and cultural factors of the inner city?

Answer 6

S: traditionally small houses for factory workers
E: poorer people can’t afford commute so live in small houses nearby
C: ethnic groups live here close to places of worship

Question 7

What are the social, economic and cultural factors of the suburbs?

Answer 7

S: less crowded, more pleasant with less traffic and pollution
E: richer people who can afford to comute live in big houses here
C: people with families life here due to space for leisure activities

Question 8

What are the social, economic and cultural factors of the rural-urban fringe?

Answer 8

S: still accessible to commuters with lots of space
E: richer people can live in bigger houses here due to cheap land
C: rich people who like a rural lifestylein reach of the city live here

Question 9

What problems do rich urban areas face?

Answer 9

1) shortage of good quality housing
2) run down CBDs
3) traffic congetion and pollution
4) ethnic segregation

Question 10

What are the 3 ways shortage of housing is dealt with?

Answer 10

Urban renewal-schemes
New towns
Relocation incenives

Question 11

What is an urban renewal scheme?

Answer 11

government strategies to encourage investment in new housing, employment and services in derelict inner cities, EG Livepool dockland development

Question 12

What are new towns?

Answer 12

Brand new towns are built to house the overspill populations from towns with a shortage of housing. EG Milton Keynes

Question 13

What are relocation inscetives?

Answer 13

use to encourage people in large council houses who don’t need a large house to move out and free up houses for other people (working families) EG London council moving older people to the coast or countries and help them if they chose to use

Question 14

What causes CBDs to become run down?

Answer 14

Out-of-town shopping centres and business parks which have cheaper rent and are easier to drive to

Question 15

How are CBDs revitalised?

Answer 15

1) pedestrianizing areas so they ar safer/nicer for shoppers
2) improving access with better public transport links and better car parking
3) converting warehouses/ docks into restaurants/ shops/ museums
4) improving public areas (parks/squares) to make thm more attractive

Question 16

What are the problems of increased car use in urban areas?

Answer 16

1) more air pollution which damages health
2) air pollution damages buildings
3) more road accidents
4) more traffic jams and congestion

Question 17

What are the solutions to reducing traffic?

Answer 17

1) improving public transport
2) increasing car parking charges
3) bus priority lanes
4) pedestrianisation

Question 18

What are the reasons for ethnic segregation in urban areas?

Answer 18

1) people prefer to live close to people of the same background, religion and language
2) peole live near services important to their culture, e.g. places of worship
3) people of the same ethnic background are often restricted in th same way, eg lack of money meaning they have to live in the same place

Question 19

What strategies are used to encourage equality in areas?

Answer 19

1) giving everyone access to information of services (multilingual leaflets)
2) improving communication (involving leaders of different communities)
3) providing interpreters
4) giving services suitable for different cultures (doctors of same sex)

Question 20

What are squatter settlements?

Answer 20

settlements built illegally by people who cant afford housing

Question 21

Where are squatter settlements a problem?

Answer 21

They are a problem in growing cities in poorer countries

Question 22

What causes squatter settlements?

Answer 22

rural-urban migration

Question 23

What are the problems of squatter settlements?

Answer 23

badly built, overcrowded, don’t have basic services like sewers or electricity

Question 24

What is life like in squatter settlements?

Answer 24

1) hard and dangerous
2) don’t have access to basic services, eg water
3) lack of police, medical services and fire fighting
4) people work within the settlements in jobs which aren’t taxed or monitored by gov

Question 25

What are ways to improve squatter settlements?

Answer 25

Self help schemes, site and service schemes and local authority schemes

Question 26

What is a self-help scheme?

Answer 26

involves the government and local people working together to improve life. The government provides building materials for local people to build their own homes. This provides better housing and money saved on labour can be used to provide basic services

Question 27

Wht is a site and service scheme?

Answer 27

Where people pay rent for a site and borrow money to build or improve a house on their plot. The rent money provides basic services. An example of this is the Dandora scheme in Nairobi, Kenya.

Question 28

What is a local authority scheme?

Answer 28

Improving temporary accommodation built by locals funded by the government. EG the $120 million spent on the Favela-Bairro project aimed to improve life.

Question 29

What environmental problems are caused by urbanisation?

Answer 29

1) waste disposal problems 2) air pollution 3) more water pollution

Question 30

Why do poor countries struggle to dispose of waste?

Answer 30

1) money 2) infrastructure 3) scale (a large city will have a lot)

Question 31

What are the effects of air pollution?

Answer 31

1) leads to acid rain which damages buildings and vegetation 2) causes health problems like headaches and bronchitis 3) destroys the ozone layer which protects us

Question 32

How is air pollution managed?

Answer 32

air quality standards for industries and monitoring levels of pollutants to check if they are safe

Question 33

How is water pollution managed?

Answer 33

building sewage treatment plants and passing laws that force factories to remove pollutants

Question 34

What are the effects of air pollution?

Answer 34

1) water pollution kills fish and other aquatic animals which disrupts food chains 2) chemicals build up in the food chain and poisons humans who choose to eat dead animals 3) contamination of water supplies with sewage can spread diseases like typhoid

Question 35

What is counter-urbanisation?

Answer 35

people moving from urban areas to total areas

Question 36

What are the push factors of urbanisation?

Answer 36

1) pollution and traffic congestion are higher in cities 2) higher crime rates 3) houses cost more

Question 37

What are the pull factors of counter-urbanisation?

Answer 37

1) better transport links/ increased car ownership means that people can commute 2) people can work from home due to growth of IT 3) New out-of-town business parks provides jobs out of cities

Question 38

What are the rural impacts of counter-urbanisation?

Answer 38

1) increased demand increases house prices 2) commuters prefer to use shops and services close to work which causes local ones to close due to decreased demand causing them to shut down 3) a decline in community spirit caused when people leave commuter villages so the village is empty during the day.

Question 39

What are the urban impacts of counter-urbanisation?

Answer 39

1) inner city areas with high crime and pollution become more empty and disused which makes them unpopular and run-down 2) commuters on the outshkirts of cities means that shops in the centre lose customers and close

Question 40

How do governments tackle the problems of counter-urbanisation in URBAN areas?

Answer 40

1) redeveloping urban areas making them more attractive which slows down counter-urbanisation and encourages people to move back 2) regenerating shopping areas

Question 41

How do governments tackle the problems of counter-urbanisation in RURAL areas?

Answer 41

1) policies meaning more houses for local people which stop commuters and second home buyers. EG Yorkshire Dales new housing is only available to people who work locally 2) investing in services so they don't close down

Question 42

What is sustainable living?

Answer 42

giving the people living now what they need without reducing the ability to meet the needs of people in the future.

Question 43

What things can be done to make a city more sustainable? (5)

Answer 43

1) schemes to reduce waste and safely dispose of it 2) conserving natural envronments and historic buildings 3) building on brownfield sites 4) building carbo-neutral homes 5) creating an efficient public transport system

Question 44

How does Curitiba work towards being a sustainable city?

Answer 44

1) reducing car use 2) plenty of open spaces and conserved natural environments 3) good recycling schemes

Question 45

How does Curitiba reduce car use?

Answer 45

with an epress bus system (pre-pay boarding stations, bus only lanes, fast journeys) that is use by 1.4 million passengers per day with a cheap fare which benefits poorerresidents. They also have over 200km of bike paths which overall reduce car use by 25% compared to the national average. It has also led to the lowest levels of air pollution in Brazil