Urbanisation Flashcards
(40 cards)
What is urbanisation? - Urbanisation
Urbanisation is the process by which increasing proportions of a country’s population migrate from rural to urban areas.
What are the 2 causes of urban growth? - Urbanisation
Urban growth is caused by rural to urban migration and the increased birth rate from people of a fertile age (natural increase).
What are push factors? List push factors which force people from rural areas - Urbanisation
Push factors are factors which encourage people to leave an area. For rural areas, these include local disease, inadequate healthcare/education/, wars, desertification of land from low rainfall, lack of employment opportunities, poor housing, poor quality of life.
What are pull factors? List pull factors which attract people to urban areas - Urbanisation
Pull factors are factors which attract people to a place. These include better quality education, high demand for labour, better healthcare, employment in factories, better entertainment, better quality of life.
What are negative impacts of urban sprawl? - Urbanisation
Loss of wildlife and habitats due to urbanisation, increase in air pollution due to more cars and energy, loss of farmland and open spaces, outward movement of industry and enterprise through decentralisation.
What are the 5 land uses of the Burgess Urban Land Use Model? What type of country does this apply to? List them in order from centre to outskirts - Urbanisation
CBD, Inner City, Inner Suburbs, Outer Suburbs, Commuter Zone. This model tends to apply to Higher Income Countries.
What type of building and what type of land use is used in the CBD? Why? - Urbanisation
CBDs often have tall buildings used for retail and services. These tall buildings are constructed due to the high land value, meaning that business opportunity is maximised in the same ground space.
What type of land uses have developed in the Inner City and Inner Suburbs respectively? - Urbanisation
Inner City has a mix of small industry/offices and small houses.
Inner Suburbs have old-style terraced housing dating back 100 years as these used to be the settlements for workers in Inner City industry.
What type of land uses have developed in the Outer Suburbs and Commuter Zone respectively? - Urbanisation
Outer suburbs have semi-detached, modern houses and out of town shops.
The commuter zone is a green belt around urban areas, comprised of smaller towns and counter-urbanised settlements.
What is suburbanisation? What developments have facilitated this process? - Urbanisation
Suburbanisation is the movement of people from the inner city and city centre to a city’s outer edges. This is facilitated by better transport throughout a city, a desire for family life and larger houses, as well as the draw of a healthier urban environment.
What is counter-urbanisation? What developments have facilitated this process? - Urbanisation
Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from urban areas into smaller urban areas or rural areas which involves the leap-frogging of the rural-urban fringe. This has been facilitated by a better quality of life, improved transport links, increased security and reduced crime.
Where has counter-urbanisation taken place in the Harrogate area? - Urbanisation
Counter-urbanisation can be seen through the movement of people to Pannal, a village within commuting distance which receives newcomers due to counter-urbanisation.
What is the rural turnaround? What are its main characteristics? - Urbanisation
The rural turnaround is the social and demographic changes seen in rural areas. This can be seen through outmigration of younger locals seeking external opportunity, decline of elderly populations through deaths, increased presence of couples and families/affluent people.
What is urban resurgence? Where is this seen in Leeds and Rio? - Urbanisation
Urban resurgence is the economic and structural regeneration of an urban area having suffered a period of decline. This is initiated by redevelopment and can be seen on the South Bank in Leeds and in the Barra di Tijuca zone in Western Rio.
How have economic decline and political problems created problems in cities in the 1980s respectively? - Urbanisation
Economic decline had seen deindustrialisation due to changing requirements of manufacture and globalisation of production.
Political problems had seen inner cities politically marginalised with low electoral turnouts. Some far-right candidates were elected in response.
How have social decline and poor physical environment created problems in cities in the 1980s respectively? - Urbanisation
Social decline saw 35% of urban population lost by 1981, with young, affluent and skilled people leaving cities and with the poor, unskilled workers remaining. Economic decline resulted in social decline.
Poor physical environment meant low quality housing, derelict buildings and manufacture centres and wasteland dominated the urban land.
What are positive impacts of suburbanisation? - Urbanisation
Better quality of life, have better physical environment, larger houses, reduced need for high-density housing, can develop derelict land, replaces low quality housing.
What are negative impacts of suburbanisation? - Urbanisation
Building on greenfield sites, leads to social and economic segregation between groups, requires new infrastructure, leads to inner city decline, disperses government funding over a wide area, increases land prices.
What can cause urban resurgence? (4) - Urbanisation
Urban resurgence can be caused by gentrification and regeneration post-deindustrialisation, cities reinventing themselves as cultural/commercial hubs, government led regeneration schemes, hosting major events (London 2012).
Where can suburbanisation be seen in both Leeds and Rio? - Urbanisation
Suburbanisation can be seen in Alwoodley, Roundhay and Adel in Leeds, as well as in Barra di Tijuca in Rio.
What is ‘dead heart syndrome’? Where has this notably been seen and why? - Urbanisation
‘Dead heart syndrome’ is the results of the loss of manufacturing and industry in urban areas, leaving behind a declining urban area. Seen in Detroit following the loss of the motor industry.
What is a megacity? What is a metacity? - Urbanisation
A megacity is a city with over 10 million people, such as New York or Paris. A metacity is a city with over 20 million people, such as Tokyo and Karachi.
How are megacities economically and environmentally a force for good? - Urbanisation
Economically - produce 2-3 times more investment than smaller urban areas.
Environmentally - less damaging to provide infrastructure for dense populations than sparse populations.
How are megacities socially and politically a force for good? - Urbanisation
Socially: better access to social services to improve quality of life, larger labour markets.
Politically: tend to be more liberal and empowered as centres of political activity.
