URETHRAS

Question 1

WHAT VALVES IN THE BLADDER ARE A PROTECTIVE FACTOR FOR UPPER UTIS

Answer 1

VESICOUTERIC VALVES

Question 2

WHAT EPITHELIUM IS THE BLADDER LINED WITH

Answer 2

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

Question 3

WHAT MAKES TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM IMPERMEABLE

Answer 3

VERY TIGHT JUNCTIONS BETWEEN THE CELLS SO THAT EVEN WITH STRETCH THEY ARE IMPERMEABLE

Question 4

WHAT IS THE SMOOTH MM OF THE BLADDER REFERRED TO AS

Answer 4

DETRUSOR MM

Question 5

WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS OF MUSCULARIS IN THE BLADDER

Answer 5

INNER = LONGITUDINAL
MIDDLE = CIRCULAR
OUTER = LONGITUDINAL

Question 6

WHAT IS THE ADVENTITIA OF THE BLADDER

Answer 6

VARIABLE AMOUNTS OF PERIVISCERAL FAT

Question 7

WHERE IS TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM FOUND

Answer 7

URETERS, BLADDER, RENAL PELVIS

Question 8

HOW DOES THE APPEARANCE OF TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM CHANGE WITH BLADDER DISTENSION

Answer 8

NORMAL = CUBOIDAL
DISTENDED = LOOKS STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

Question 9

WHAT ARE THE TWO FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE URETHRA

Answer 9

URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE

Question 10

WHAT STRUCTURES DOES THE MALE URETHRA PASS THROUGH

Answer 10

PROSTATE AND CORPUS SPONGIOSUM

Question 11

WHAT ARE THE 4 PARTS OF THE MALE URETHRA

Answer 11

PREPROSTATIS
POSTPROSTATIS
INTERMEDIATE
SPONGY

Question 12

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE FEMALE URETHRA

Answer 12

URINARY

Question 13

In females MOST OF THE URTHRA IS EMBEDDED WITHIN THE

Answer 13

ANTERIOR VAGINAL WALL

Question 14

IS THE URETHRA COLLAPSED WHEN NOT URINATING

Answer 14

YES

Question 15

IS THE INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER INVOLUNTARY OR VOLUNTARY

Answer 15

INVOLUNTARY

Question 16

WHAT DIVISION OF THE NS KEEPS THE IUS CONTRACTED

Answer 16

SNS

Question 17

WHAT DIVISION OF THE NS RELAXES THE IUS

Answer 17

PNS

Question 18

IS CONTROL OF THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER INVOLUNTARY OR VOLUNTARY

Answer 18

VOLUNTARY

Question 19

WHAT INNERVATES THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

Answer 19

PUDENDAL NERVE S2-4

Question 20

WHAT MM ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO URINARY CONTINENCE

Answer 20

LEVATOR ANI MM OF THE PELVIC FLOOR

Question 21

WHAT ARE THE THREE EVENTS OF MICTURITION

Answer 21

CONTRACTION OF DETRUSOR MM, RELAXATION OF THE IUS, RELAXATION OF THE EUS

Question 22

IN INFANTS WHAT MEDIATES URINATION

Answer 22

SIMPLE SPINAL REFLEX (INVOLUNTARY)

Question 23

WHAT CIRCUTS FROM HIGHER BRAIN CENTRES MATURE ENOUGH TO OVERRIDE REFLEXIVE URINATION

Answer 23

DESCENDING CIRCUTS

Question 24

AT AGE 2-3, DESCENDING CIRCUTS MATURE TO ALLOW FOR

Answer 24

VOLUNTARY CONTROL TO OVERRIDE REFLEXIVE URINATION

Question 25

WHEN WE DONT WANT TO URINATE WHAT HAPPENS WITHIN THE NS

Answer 25

OVERRIDE THE SPINAL REFLEX WHERE THE PARASYMPATHETICS ARE DOWNREGULATED, SYMPATHETICS ARE UPREGULATED, AND THEN THERE IS INCREASED SOMATIC EFFERENT NERVE ACTION WICH ALLOWS US NOT TO URINATE

Question 26

A LOWER UTI IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS

Answer 26

URETHRITIS OR CYCTITIS

Question 27

WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF A LOWER UTIS

Answer 27

ABRUPT ONSET OF URINARY FREQUENCY, PAIN WITH URINATION
ONCE IN BLADDER - SUPRAPUBIC PAIN, TENDERNESS, SENSATION THAT THE BLADDER IS NOT EMPTY
CLOUDY AND FOUL SMELLING URINE

Question 28

WHAT IS A CLINICAL FEATURE OF A LOWER UTI COMMON TO ELDERLY

Answer 28

CONFUSION

Question 29

WHAT BACTERIA IS MOST COMMONLY THE CAUSE OF A UTI

Answer 29

E. COLI

Question 30

WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR A UTI

Answer 30

WOMEN (NO PROSTATIC SECRETIONS, HAV A SHORT URETHRA)
SEXUALLY ACTIVE (CONTACT WITH MALE E.COLI)
PREGNANT (CHANGE IN PH)
CHANGES IN BALANCE OF COMMENSAL ORGANISMS (OVERGROWTH OF BAD BACTERIA)
DIABETES (SUGARY WEE PERFECT FOR BACTERIA)
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (INABILITY TO FIGHT INFECTION)
RECENT ANTIBIOTICS (THROWN OUT COMMENSAL BACTERIA)