Urina 3.1

Question 1

The exclusive site of plasma filtration is the
A) medulla.
B) major calyces.
C) cortex.
D) renal pelvis.

Answer 1

C) cortex

Question 2

Urine formation occurs as the plasma ultrafiltrate passes through the renal structures in the following order:
A) Nephron, calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder
B) Nephron, Bowman’s capsule, renal pelvis, calyces, ureters, bladder
C) Glomerulus, nephron, loop of Henle, renal pelvis, calyces, bladder
D) Bowman’s capsule, renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder

Answer 2

A) Nephron, calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder

Question 3

The functional unit of the kidney is the
A) renal calyces
B) Bowman’s capsule.
C) glomerulus.
D) nephrons.

Answer 3

D) nephrons

Question 4

The proximal and distal convoluted tubules are connected by the
A) lumen of the capillary tuft.
B) loop of Henle.
C) glomerulus.
D) Bowman’s space.

Answer 4

B) loop of Henle.

Question 5

As blood flows through the glomerulus, the plasma ultrafiltrate collects in Bowman’s space as a result of
A) osmotic pressure.
B) hyperosmotic pressure.
C) hydrostatic pressure.
D) renal artery pressure.

Answer 5

C) hydrostatic pressure.

Question 6

The percentage of cardiac output that flows through the kidneys per minute is
A) 5%.
B) 15%.
C) 25%.
D) 30%.

Answer 6

C) 25%

Question 7

renal artery branches off into the afferent arteriole, which
A) surrounds the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) becomes the capillary tuft within the glomerulus.
C) rejoins the anastomosing capillary network in the glomerulus.
D) reabsorbs substances from the ultrafiltrate.

Answer 7

B) becomes the capillary tuft within the glomerulus.

Question 8

Peritubular capillaries function in the process of reabsorption and secretion of substances in conjunction with the
A) glomerulus.
B) renal tubules.
C) collecting duct.
D) renal pyramids.

Answer 8

B) renal tubules

Question 9

The net filtration pressure of 10 mm Hg is the result of which three pressures working in concert for the formation of a plasma ultrafiltrate in Bowman’s space?
A) Oncotic, hydrostatic, afferent arteriole
B) Renal artery, hydrostatic, osmotic
C) Hyperosmotic, oncotic, hydrostatic
D) Renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerular

Answer 9

A) Oncotic, hydrostatic, afferent arteriole

Question 10

The primary producer of renin is a small endocrine organ located in the
A) podocytes.
B) basement membrane.
C) juxtaglomerular apparatus.
D) juxtamedullary nephrons.

Answer 10

C) juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 11

Renin is released in response to all of the following except
A) increased sodium.
B) increased potassium.
C) vascular hemorrhage.
D) decreased arterial pressure.

Answer 11

A) increased sodium

Question 12

Secretion of aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain
A) potassium and sodium.
B) water and potassium.
C) sodium and water.
D) sodium, potassium, and water.

Answer 12

C) sodium and water.

Question 13

The kidneys play a role in all of the following processes except
1. acid-base equilibrium.
2. blood pressure.
3. metabolic waste removal.
4. water and electrolyte regulation.
A) 1 and 3
B) 1, 3, and 4
C) 3 and 4
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 13

D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 14

Principle solutes in the end product of the urine filtrate include all of the following except
A) water.
B) sodium.
C) chloride.
D) urea.

Answer 14

A) water.

Question 15

Normal urine output averages how many milliliters per 24 hours?
A) 500
B) 1200
C) 2500
D) 3000

Answer 15

B) 1200

Question 16

The function of the basement membrane in the glomerulus is to
A) provide structural integrity to the glomerulus.
B) limit passage of filtrate substances by size.
C) anchor the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule.
D) form a sheath around the glomerulus.

Answer 16

B) limit passage of filtrate substances by size.

Question 17

Which of the following are metabolically active cells with phagocytic abilities that prevent occlusion of the filtration barrier by macromolecules?
A) Mesangium cells
B) Visceral epithelial cells
C) Podocytes
D) Podocytes and mesangium cells

Answer 17

D) Podocytes and mesangium cells

Question 18

Plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) are not normally found in the urine filtrate because of which of the following?
A) Shield of negativity
B) Size
C) Neutral charge
D) Viscosity

Answer 18

A) Shield of negativity

Question 19

Which of the following provide(s) the proximal tubular cells with maximal surface area for reabsorption activities?
A) Interdigitating cells
B) Microvilli
C) Macula densa
D) Trilayer membrane

Answer 19

B) Microvilli

Question 20

Large numbers of mitochondria and enzymatic activity in the proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle are necessary for
A) reabsorption.
B) cellular integrity.
C) active transport.
D) filtrate flow.

Answer 20

C) active transport

Question 21

Water reabsorption in the collecting tubules is controlled by
A) renin.
B) aldosterone.
C) ADH.
D) angiotensin.

Answer 21

C) ADH.

Question 22

Glucose is actively transported back into the peritubular capillary blood in the
A) proximal tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) distal tubule.
D) medullary collecting tubule.

Answer 22

A) proximal tubule.

Question 23

Which of the following ultrafiltrate substances is passively reabsorbed into the peritubular capillary blood?
/
A) Nat+
B) Amino acids
C) K+
D) Uric acid

Answer 23

C) K+

Question 24

Hydrogen ions are secreted in which of the following locations?
1. Proximal tubule
2. Loop of Henle :
3. Distal tubule
4. Collecting tubule
A) 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 1, 3, and 4
D) 2, 3, and 4

Answer 24

C) 1, 3, and 4

Question 25

All of the following are principal roles of the secretory process except A) removal of metabolic waste. B) elimination of substances bound to plasma proteins. C) adjustment of acid-base equilibrium. D) maintenance of fluid volume.

Answer 25

D) maintenance of fluid volume

Question 26

The three secretory mechanisms that maintain blood pH and involve the secretion of H include all of the following except A) exchange of sodium and bicarbonate in acidic conditions. B) formation of titratable acids (i.e., monosodium phosphates). C) secretion of NH yielding ammonium salts. D) phosphate reabsorption.

Answer 26

D) phosphate reabsorption.

Question 27

A positive glucose test result on a urinalysis indicates A) tubular flow rate exceeded. B) maximal tubular reabsorptive capacity exceeded. C) tubular secretory capacity exceeded. D) reduced time solute in contact with renal epithelium.

Answer 27

B) maximal tubular reabsorptive capacity exceeded.

Question 28

All of the following are noted as the filtrate moves through the proximal tubule except A) secretion of urea. B) two-thirds of volume reduction. C) reabsorption of salts, glucose, and proteins. D) unchanged osmolality.

Answer 28

A) secretion of urea.

Question 29

Which of the following contribute(s) to the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules? 1. Osmolality gradient 2. High solute concentration 3. Hypertonicity of the renal medulla A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 1 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 3

Answer 29

A) 1 and 2

Question 30

In the countercurrent multiplier mechanism, the flow of the ultrafiltrate is in opposite directions between the A) peritubular capillaries and the proximal tubule. B) medullary interstitium and the papilla. C) ascending and descending loops of Henle. D) glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Answer 30

C) ascending and descending loops of Henle.

Question 31

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism multiplies the osmotic gradient as a result of which of the following? A) Active reabsorption of sodium and chloride and passive reabsorption of water B) Passive secretion of sodium and potassium and passive reabsorption of water C) Active secretion of sodium and water and passive reabsorption of chloride D) Passive reabsorption of potassium and chloride and active reabsorption of sodium

Answer 31

B) Passive secretion of sodium and potassium and passive reabsorption of water

Question 32

Hypertonicity or hypotonicity of urine is controlled by A) ADH. B) renin. C) osmotic pressure. D) countercurrent multiplier mechanism.

Answer 32

A) ADH.

Question 33

The presence of which of the following constituents in the urine filtrate is evidence of the loss of shield of negativity or alteration of the filtration barrier? A) Urea and creatinine B) Sodium and albumin C) Protein and RBCs D) Casts and WBCs

Answer 33

C) Protein and RBCs

Question 34

Water reabsorption occurs in all of the following areas of the nephron except A) collecting duct. B) proximal tubule. C) distal tubule. D) ascending limbs of loops of Henle.

Answer 34

D) ascending limbs of loops of Henle.

Question 35

All of the following statements regarding ADH are correct except A) as blood pressure increases, release of ADH increases. B) ADH increases as blood pressure decreases. C) hypertonic urine is produced with low levels of ADH. D) ADH secretion does not alter sodium or chloride reabsorption.

Answer 35

A) as blood pressure increases, release of ADH increases.

Question 36

Which of the following exhibit tubular reabsorptive capacity? A) Proteins B) Uric acid C) Glucose D) Phosphates/sulfates

Answer 36

D) Phosphates/sulfates