URINALYSIS Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
- a sterile liquid by-product of the body
- secreted by kidneys and excreted through the urethra through urination
- aqueous solution of >95% water with:
- urea, chlorides, sodium, potassium, creatinine, other dissolved ions, other organic/inorganic compounds
A
urine
2
Q
URINE
secreted by
A
kidneys
3
Q
URINE
excreted through
A
urethra
4
Q
URINE
aqueous solution of ____ water
A
/>95%
5
Q
URINE
sterile until it reaches the ____
A
urethra
6
Q
URINE
____ lining the urethra are colonized by facultative anaerobic gram (-) rods and cocci
A
epithelial cells
7
Q
URINE
a processed form of ammonia that is non-toxic to mammals
A
urea
8
Q
- eliminate many cellular waste products
- control the amount of water in the body
A
urine
9
Q
- array of tests used to diagnose several diseases
- done using test strips or by light microscopy
A
urinalysis
10
Q
URINALYSIS
refers to usual target parameters of UA
A
routine analysis
11
Q
URINALYSIS
used specifically for culturing bacteria
A
microscopy
12
Q
URINALYSIS
3 types of urinalysis
A
- complete urinalysis
- rapid urinalysis
- 24-hour urine collection
13
Q
URINALYSIS
- performed in lab
- looks at urine composition
A
complete urinalysis
14
Q
URINALYSIS
- peformed at doctor’s office using tests strips
- checks for common renal abnormalities
A
rapid urinalysis
15
Q
URINALYSIS
- performed at home over 24 hours
- gives clearer picture of renal function
A
24-hour urine collection
16
Q
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- patient voids into toilet, then all urine is collected for the next 24 hours;
- as the body chemistry alters constantly, this is used to measure substances, such as steroids, white cells, electrolytes, or determine osmolarity
A
24 hour collection
17
Q
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- first specimen of morning (or eight hours after recumbent position);
- best sample for pregnancy testing
A
first morning specimen
18
Q
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
the second voided specimen after a period of fasting
A
fasting specimen
19
Q
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- used to obtain urine for bacterial culture
- first and last part of urine stream is voided into the toilet to avoid contamination the specimen with organisms presenting on the skin
A
mid stream urine
20
Q
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- for chemical or microscopic examination
- suitable for most screening purposes
A
random specimen
21
Q
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- collected for bacteriological examination if a patient’s symptoms suggest the presence of a UTI
- the sample technique used for collection is important
A
catheter specimen of urine
22
Q
URINALYSIS
- urine dipstick
- comprise up to 10 chemical pads which react through change in color when immersed in urine
- strips consist of a plastic ribbon of about 5 mm wide; have pads impregnated with reagent that react with the compounds in urine
- qualitative (+ or -); some are semi-quantitative
A
test strip urinalysis
23
Q
TEST STRIP URINALYSIS
also known as
A
urine dipstick
24
Q
TEST STRIP URINALYSIS
comprise up to ____ chemical pads
A
10
25
# **TEST STRIP URINALYSIS**
strips consist of a **plastic ribbon** about ____ **wide**
5mm
26
# **PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS**
notablr & identifiable ____
organoleptically
27
# **PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS**
**abnomalities** in these may indicate ____ or ____
disease or metabolic imbalances
28
# **PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS**
may seem ____ or ____, but can be **symptom** for an **underlying disease**
superficial or minor
29
# **URINE COLOR**
typically ____
yellow amber (pale yellow)
30
# **URINE COLOR**
____ tends to **reduce** the **concentration** of urine
drinking more water
31
# **URINE COLOR**
**dark** urine may indicate
dehydration
32
# **URINE COLOR**
indicates sign of **kidney damage** and **disease**
red urine
33
# **URINE COLOR**
may indicate **pseudomonas infection** or **excretion** of **mitomycin**
green urine
34
# **URINE COLOR**
**orange** colored **urine** accompanied by **pale yellow stools** and **yellow skin** and **eyes** may indicate
serious liver condition
35
# **URINE COLOR**
* may be due to **red** or **dark-colored foods** or certain **medications**
* can also stem from a **bladder** or **kidney problem**
pink / red
36
# **URINE TRANSPARENCY**
**fresh urine** is either ____ or ____
clear or very slightly cloudy
37
# **URINE ODOR**
urine of ____ may have a **sweet** or **fruity odor** due to the **presence** of **ketones** or **glucose**
diabetics
38
# **URINE ODOR**
generally **fresh urine** has a ____ smell
mild smell
39
# **URINE ODOR**
**aged urine** has a ____ **similar** to that of **ammonia**
stronger odor
40
# **URINE pH**
pH of **normal** urine
4.6 - 8
average 6.0
41
# **URINE pH**
____ result in **more acidic** urine
high protein diet
42
# **URINE pH**
____ results in **more alkaline** urine (4.6-8)
vegetarian diets
43
# **URINE DENSITY**
**density** has the same value with ____
specific gravity
44
this is the **ratio** of the **weight of a volume of a substance** compared with the **weight of the same volume of distilled water**
urine density
45
# **URINE DENSITY**
density of **normal** urine
0.001 - 0.035
46
it determines **how well the kidneys** is **diluting the urine**
urine density
47
# **GLUCOSE**
**normal** urine
does not contain glucose
48
# **GLUCOSE**
abnormal
glycosuria
49
# **GLUCOSE**
it occurs in ____ or patients taking ____
pregnancy, corticosteroids
50
# **GLUCOSE**
indicative of ____
diabetis mellitus
endocrine abnormality
51
* occurs in **pregnancy** or patients taking **corticosteroids**
* indicative of **diabetes mellitus** & **endocrine abnormality**
* **not diagnostic**; further testing by blood test (FBS)
glucose
52
* a **product** of **RBC hydrolysis**
* it is **transported** in the **blood to the liver** where it is processed and **excreted into the gut** as constituent of bile
bilirubin
53
in the ____, the **bacteria** acts on **bilirubin** to **transform it into urobilinogen**
gut
54
it is **normal** for the **urine** to contain ____ but **not** ____
urobilinogen but NOT bilirubin
55
* indicative of **RBC breakdown** (not effectively removed by liver; **liver damage**)
* indicative of problem with **drainage of bile** into the gut (**gallstones**)
bilirubin
56
* formed during **abnormal breadown of fat**
* may result from **prolonged vomiting**, **fasting** or **starvation**, on a **diet**, or with **diarrhea**
* also present in **poorly controlled diabetes patient**
* it can make blood **more acidic** (**diabetic ketoacidosis**)
ketone
57
* identifies **hydration** of an individual
* when assessing, **environmental factors** such as temperatures should be **taken into account**
specific gravity
58
# **SPECIFIC GRAVITY**
a **well-hydrated** will have ____ urine
diluted
59
# **SPECIFIC GRAVITY**
a **dehydrated** will have ____ urine
concentrated
60
# **SPECIFIC GRAVITY**
normal range
1.001 - 1.035
61
presence of **blood** in urine
hematuria
62
* indicative of **inflammatory lesions** of the **urinary tract** and **kidney stones**
* **damage** in the **filtration barriers** in **kidneys** (kidney damage)
blood
63
# **pH**
**too acidic** urine may indicate
kidney stones
64
# **pH**
**too basic** urine may indicate ____ caused by **proteus**, **klebsiella** or **pseudomonas**
UTI
65
# **pH**
also affected by ____
diet
66
presence of **high levels of protein** in urine
proteinuria
67
can be caused by **glomerular filtrarion barrier damage** or disease, **kidney damage**, **hypertension**, **diabetes mellitus**
proteinuria
68
presence of **leukocytes (WBCs)** in urine
pyuria
