Urinary Analysis

Question 1

What are common artifacts associated with Cystocentesis?

Answer 1

iatrogenic hemorrhage

Question 2

What are common artifacts associated with Voided urine?

Answer 2

bacteria

leukocytes

epithelial cells

Question 3

What are common artifacts associated with catheterization?

Answer 3

lubricant

epithelial cells

iatrogenic hemoorrhage

bacteria

Question 4

What does red colored blood indicate?

Answer 4

RBCs, free hemoglobin/myoglobin

Question 5

What does red-brown colored blood indicate?

Answer 5

RBCs, free hemoglobin/myoglobin

horses- catecholamines

Question 6

What does brown-black colored blood indicate?

Answer 6

methemoglobin

Question 7

What does yellow-orange colored blood indicate?

Answer 7

bilirubin

Question 8

What does yellow-green colored blood indicate?

Answer 8

bilirubin/billivirdin

Question 9

What might cloudy urine indicate?

Answer 9

crystalluria

cells

semen

bacT

lipids

mucus

conatminants

use sediment exam to determine

Question 10

How do you determine urine specific gravity?

Answer 10

Refractometer

Question 11

What is the range for isosthenuric urine?

Answer 11

1.007-1.013; means the tubules are not concentrating or diluting

Question 12

What is the ranges for inappropriate azotemia for dogs, cats, horses, and cattle?>

Answer 12

Dogs > 1.030
Cats > 1.040
Cattle/Horses > 1.025

Question 13

What are two factors that can raise the urine specific gravity?

Answer 13

Protein and glucose

Question 14

What are some variables that affect urine pH?

Answer 14

Diet: carnivores are more acidic, while herbivores are more alkaline
Metabolic status
Exposure to air
Bacteria: more alkaline

Question 15

A high urine pH can falsely elevate what on a urine dipstick?

Answer 15

Proteins

Question 16

What is true about the protein test of a urine dipstick?

Answer 16

Mainly detects albumin

A trace reaction is worth exploring in dilute urine

Question 17

Glucose in the urine can be an indicator for what?

Answer 17

Diabetes mellitus
Glucocorticoid/epinephrine stress
Tubular glucosuria

Question 18

Ketones pass freely through what? What ketone is NOT detected by this test? What is the pathologic significance of a positive test?

Answer 18

Glomerulus
Beta hydroxybutyrate
Means the patient is in a negative energy balance; this is always noteworthy

Question 19

What are some interpretations of bilirubin in the urine of a dog?

Answer 19

Bilirubinuria may precede bilirubinemia
Liver dz or hemolytic dz
Could be normal; may see this if the urine is very concentrated >1.040

Question 20

What are the three options of what you are seeing if blood in urine?

Answer 20

RBCs
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin

Question 21

What reagent strips should be avoided?

Answer 21

White cell pad
Nitrate pad
Urobilinogen pad
USG pad (USE REFRACTOMETER)

Question 22

What are some cells that could be seen in urine?

Answer 22

WBCs
RBCs
Epithelial cells
BacT

Question 23

What are some common crystals found in the urine?

Answer 23

Struvite
Amorphous
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
Calcium carbonate (horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats)

Question 24

What are some crystals with potential pathologic significance?

Answer 24

Thornapple (normal in dalmations and english bulldogs)
Bilirubin
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
Cystine 
Tyrosine 
Sulfa crystals

Question 25

What are some casts that may be present in the urine?

Answer 25

``` Cellular/leukocyte cast Red cell cast (hemorrhage in tubule) Granular cast (damage to tubule) Hyaline casts Waxy cast ```

Question 26

What is the best way to quantify urinary protein loss?

Answer 26

Urinary Protein : Urinary Creatine ratio. This is unaffected by urine volume and concentration

Question 27

T/F UP:UC increases with all causes of proteinuria

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

When would you not run a UP:UC?

Answer 28

Don't run if there is active sediment present; if there is hematuria or pyuria

Question 29

What is a normal UP:UC for dogs and cats?

Question 30

What ratio indicates pathologic proteinuria?

Answer 30

UP:UC > 1.0

Question 31

What inidcates tubular proteinuria?

Answer 31

UP:UC between 1 and 2

Question 32

What indicates glomerular proteinuria?

Answer 32

UP:UC >2 AT MINIMUM | Amyloidosis >5

Question 33

What are some factors that will increase UP:UC and invalidate the results?

Answer 33

Hemorrhage Inflammation Drugs: corticosteroids Infection

Question 34

What are some ADH-related causes of isosthenuria?

Answer 34

ADH deficiency: Diabetes insipidus | Reduced response to ADH: endotoxemia, medullary washout, corticosteroids, hypokalemia

Question 35

Pre-renal azotemia is seen as what?

Answer 35

Azotemia, hyperproteinemia, hyperphosphatemia, and approriate USG

Question 36

Renal azotemia presents as what?

Answer 36

High magnesium, high potassium | These are changes in all species

Question 37

Renal azotemia in a dog presents as:

Answer 37

BUN/Creatinine proportionally increased High P Low/Low normal Ca USG: isosthenuric

Question 38

Renal azotemia in a cat presents as:

Answer 38

Similar to dogs | Polyuric renal failure can lead to hypokalemia

Question 39

Renal azotemia in a horse presents as:

Answer 39

Azotemia: creatinine may be higher Hypercalcemia Phosphorus: low normal to low Low chloride

Question 40

Renal azotemia in a cow presents as:

Answer 40

High phosphorus Calcium usually low Potassium: high if anuric, low if polyuric Chloride is often low

Question 41

Post-renal presents as

Answer 41

Hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia | Azotemia

Question 42

What serum changes can be seen with a ruptured bladder?

Answer 42

Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyponatremia, hypochloridemia Creatinine levels in the abdomen >> in the serum