urinary disease in cattle

Question 1

Dysuria definition

Answer 1

frequent passage of small amounts of urine with pain

Question 2

Polyuria definition

Answer 2

increase in amount of urine produced

Question 3

Stranguria definition

Answer 3

slow, painful urination passing drop by drop

Question 4

Oliguria definition

Answer 4

scantiness of urine due to diminished secrtion

Question 5

Which kidney is palpable per rectum

Answer 5

Left (because right it too far cranial)

Question 6

When do we get false +ve proteinuria results

Answer 6

In calves which have had colostrum; some protein spills out
Highly alkaline ruminant urine
Misxture with vaginal discharge if doing free catch

Question 7

WHat do we interpret glycosuria as

Answer 7

Unimportant usually; false +ves can be from stress, medications

Question 8

What is a normal USG range

Answer 8

1.022 - 1.045
In acute renal failure it is <1.022 i.e can’t concentrate urine

Question 9

What might brown or brown/red urine mean

Answer 9

Myoglobinuria in severe myopathy

Question 10

How many WBCs is it normal to see per high power field in urine anaylsus

Answer 10

1-5WBCs
More suggests inflammatino or degnereation (or false +ve from vaginal discharge)

Question 11

Causes of haemoglobinuria

Answer 11

Babesiosis, kale/rape toxicity, post-partum, leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, copper poisoning, water intoxication

Question 12

Causes of haematuria

Answer 12

pyelonephritis, cystitis, bracken poisoning (called enzootic haematuria), urolithiasis

Question 13

What is enzootic haematuria

Answer 13

Bracken poisoning

Question 14

Embolic nephritis causes and signs

Answer 14

Usually secondary to septicaemia
Can get in endocarditis

Signs = pyrexia, septicaemia
Uralysis shows blood and protein in urine + WBCs, RBCs and bacteria

Question 15

What causes renal ischaemia

Answer 15

Reduced perfusion e.g in severe deehydration

Question 16

What is toxic nephrosis

Answer 16

Damage to renal tubules by toxins
Usually due to overdose from weight estimation being wrong OR severe dehydration

Nephrotoxic drugs include: aminoglycosides, propylene glycol, sulphonamides (precipitate in tubules)

Also can be due to iscahemic changes, haemoconcentrationm endotoxaemia

Question 17

What is the most common renal disease in cattle

Answer 17

PYelonephritis

Question 18

What causes pyelonephritis and what are the predisposing factors

Answer 18

Ascending infection by Corynebacterium renale and E coli
> Dystocia, bladder paralysis, catheterisation

Question 19

Clinical signs of pyelonephritis

Answer 19

POlyuria, stranguria, gross abnormalities in urine e.g pus
- Pyrexia, anorexia, milk drop, colic
-> Progresses to: diarrhoea, anaemia, weight loss

Palpate enlarged painful kidney with loss of lobulations and thickened ureters

Question 20

What causes glomerulonephritis

Answer 20

Rare
From immune complex deposition in glomerulus or from specific antibodies targeted to basement membrane of glomerulus

• Often secondary to another issue with produced antibodies e.g abscesses

Question 21

What is amyloidosis in kidney

Answer 21

Extracellular deposition of amyloid
Usually secondary to chronic conditions in older cattle

Question 22

What is cystitis and what predisposes to it

Answer 22

Inflammation and infection of the bladder
Often secondary to bladder paralysis, chronic irritation from cystic calculi, urachal remnants

Question 23

Signs of bladder paralysis

Answer 23

Can’t empty bladder if stimulated
Dribbling urine; enlarged bladder

Question 24

What is haemorrhagic cystitis associated with

Answer 24

malignant catarrhal fever

Question 25

What is enzootic haematuria

Answer 25

Progressive non-infectious cystitis with tissue metaplasia of the bladder Signs = haematuria, stranguria, anaemia, no fever

Question 26

What factors are involved in enzootic haematuria

Answer 26

Bovine papilloma viruses Bracken fern

Question 27

What would we see in abdominal fluid with bladder rupture

Answer 27

Creatinine higher than in serum

Question 28

Most common cause of bladder neoplaisa

Answer 28

Enzootic haematuria

Question 29

Factors contributing to urolithiasis

Answer 29

High concentrate, high phosphorus, improper Ca/PP balance, lots of silica or oxalates, vit A deficiency, oestrogens, hypervitaminasis D Early castration of males can reduce diameter of distal urinary tract

Question 30

What is hydrospadia

Answer 30

failure of closure of male urethra so mucosal surface exposed from perineum to tip of prepuce; urine emerges just beneath anus

Question 31

What bacteria causes bacillary haemoglobinuria

Answer 31

Clostridium haemolyticum (C novyi B)

Question 32

How can water intoxication lead to haemoglobinuria

Answer 32

Over-hydration leads to hypo-osmolar plasma and erythrocyte lysis

Question 33

What might blue black kidneys on PM indicate

Answer 33

Copper poisoning e.g from over supplementatino or ragwort poisoning

Question 34

What is a horseshoe shaped kidney

Answer 34

Fused kidney = congenital abnormality