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Cattle non infectious GI basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is cheilognathoschisis

A

Congenital cleft lip

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2
Q

What is palatoschisis

A

Congenital cleft palate

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3
Q

How does palate fusion work and what implication does this have if we see a hard palate defect

A

Closure if from rostral to caudal
So any animals with a hard palate defect also have a soft palate defect

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4
Q

Which breeds of cow might have inherited midline fusion defects

A

Hereford
Charolais

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5
Q

Treating oral lacerations

A

Should heal without surgery; do daily lavage, antibiotis and NSAIDs

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6
Q

WHat organisms is mostly responsible for tooth root abscesses

A

Trueperella pyogenes

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7
Q

Signs and treatment of choke in cows

A

Signs = neck extension, drooling, no eructation, bloat, dyspnoea
Treatment = don’t feed/water due to aspiration pneumonia risk, resolve bloat, remove blockage

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8
Q

Where is the most common place for blockage; causes choke

A

Thoracic inlet
- May be foregin bodes inside oes
Could be extra-oesophageal e.g haematoma, abscess, tumour

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9
Q

What signs would we see with oesophageal trauma

A

Subcutaneous emphyema, anorexa, depression, swelling at site
- Should heal with antibiotics if no food leakage; larger perforations need surgery

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10
Q

What is oesophageal diverticulum

A

Acquired condition of oesophagus
- May be true diverticula i.e due to scar tissue or false due to defect in oesophageal musculature

Acquired condition: causes regurgitation, dysphagia, may palpate swelling in neck

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11
Q

How can we treat oesophageal diverticulum

A

Mucosal inversion and reconstrction; gives less risk of leakage post-surgery

Diverticulectomy: more risk of leakage and infection (cut off diverticulum and sew back up )

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12
Q

Which animals do we tend to see simple ruminal indigestion in

A

Hand fed dairy cattle, beed cattle
Due to variability in feed quantities
> Usually associated with sudden change in ruminal pH or physical impairment due to accumulation of indigestible feed

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13
Q

Treating simple ruminal indigestion

A

Stop feeding feed
Oral laxative/antacid
If too much urea/protein can give 5% acetic acid to correct the pH
Calcium parenteral
Transfaunation

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14
Q

Which microbes can be supplemented to enhance lactate use in rumen

And what can be used to inhibit lactate producers

A

Yeast are good at using lactate
Monensin sodium ionophore can be used to inhibit lactate production

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15
Q

what is subacute ruminal acidosis and when would we consider a herd at high rrisk

A

= intermittent periods of low ruminal pH (5.2-5.6) due to feeding excess rapidly fermentable carbohydrates and too low fibre

See herd effects: decreased milk production, poor BCS, unexplained diarrhoea

Consider herd high risk if >25% of animals tested have a ruminal pH less than 5.5

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16
Q

What complications can arise as a result of subacute ruminal acidosis

A

Caudal vena cava syndrome [via causing ruminitis and liver abscesses]
Laminitis
Unexplained diarrhoea

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17
Q

Management practices to avoid SARA

A
  • Higher fibre: do 60:40 fibre: carbohydrate
  • Gradual introduction of grain
  • Supplement diet with yeast to use up lactate
  • Add monensin sodium ionophores to inhibit lactate producing bacteria
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18
Q

Pathology of acute ruminal acidosis

A

Sudden drop in ruminal pH with acute clinical signs and risk of death
- introduction of rapidly fermentable carbs –> increase in gram +ves–> increase lactate production –> pH falls below 5 –> kills other organism, impairs motility of gut + increases osmotic pressure so causes fluid to move into the rumen

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19
Q

Dealing with severe acture ruminal acidosis (pH<5, HR >100, dehydration >8%)

A

RUmenotomy/rumen lavage immediately
IV fluids with sodium bicarbonate
Antimicrobials
NASIDS
Thiamine (to avoid CCN; polioencephalomalacia), calcium

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20
Q

What does a sluggish palpebral reflex indicate

A

High plasma D lactate concentrations

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21
Q

What are ruminal drinkers

A

Where calves on liquid diet get failure of reticular groove to work, so passage of milk into the rumen –> breakdown causes ruminal acidosis, hyper-D-lactaemia, metabolic acidosis

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22
Q

What does milky coloured, sour smelling rumen material suggest

A

Ruminal acidosis due to ruminal drinking (failure of reticular groove)

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23
Q

What is the cause of primary reticular groove dysfunction (ruminal drinkers)

A

Stress

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24
Q

WHich demographic do we see chronic ruminal bloat in

A

Calves <6 months
Probably a developmental defect

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25
What is primary ruminal tympany/frothy bloat
= due to entrapment of normal gases from fermentation in stable foam Get more stable foam with: soluble leaf proteins; or may get less salivary mucin (normally anti-foaming) on succulent forages Also more gas on bloat producing pastures Risk = high grain, legumine pastures/hay, young crops, veg crops
26
How to treat frothy bloat
Need anti-foaming agents; vegetable oil, polozalene, dimethicone, simethicone MAy need to do emergency rumenotomy; or pass a rube
27
What is free gas bloat/secondary ruminal tympany
Due to physical obstruction of eructation - Oesophageal obstruction, failure of eructation reflex (e.g in lat recumbency), tetanus, failure of oes groove Will palpate gas on top of solid/fluid contents; high pitched pig
28
How to deal with free gas bloat
Remove obstruction Pass stomach tube to immediately relieve bloat
29
Preventing pasture bloat
hArd; can drench with anti-foaming agents twice daily at milking, apply agents to field/water, do monensin slow release capsiles
30
What is ruminal parakeratosis
Where there is hardening and enlargement of ruminal papillae Due to decreased ruminal pH and increase in VFAs in finishing cattle fed high concentrate diet Or in calevs with prolonged ruminal acidosis Causes reduced weight gain and ruminal tympany but usually identified post mortem
31
What neoplasias can affect the rumen/reticulum
1. Fibropapillomas from bovine papillomaviruses 1,2,5 2. Squamous cell carinoma; when bracken fern is ingested can get malignant transformation of fibropapillomas 3. Lymphosarcoma from BLV or spontaneous Can cause some interference with eructation depending on where mass is
32
What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Where sharp objects rae injected, penetrate reticulum wall and cause localised peritonitis See anorexia, fever, milk drop, rumen hypomotility, +ve grunt test for abdominal pain
33
Treatment/prevention for traumatiic reticuloperitonitis
Treatment = administer oral magnet, antibiotics, NSAIDs; i this doesnt work go for surgery to look at peritonisit, lance abscesses, remove foreign body TO prevent: give reticulo-ruminal magnet to all cows over 1 year and bulls, good disposal of waste, put electromagentic device in feed mixer
34
What are some complications of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
reticular abscesses Traumatic reticulopericarditis Traumatic reticlosplenitis (left) and hepatitis (right)
35
Diagnosing omasal impactin
Due to feeding tough fibrous feed esp wheat straw See recurrent bouts of indigestion, pain response and hard distended omasum when palpating right hand side 7th-9th intercostal space Increase in serum gastrin and motilin
36
Treating omasal impaction
Give mineral oil e.g liquid paraffin for a few days If detected during rumenotomy, can pass tube into omasum and do a omasal flush to break up the impacted feed (knead through medial rumen wall)
37
What is Hofland's syndrome
Vagal indigestion
38
Does vagal indigestion require damage to the vagal nerve
No
39
Some causes of vagal indigestion (categoried)
Vagal damage: trauma, megoesopahus/oes abscess, reticuloperitonitis, RDA or AV Vagal impairment: mediastinal LN enlargement, neoplasia Non-vagus: impairment of reticular/ruminal motility due to adhesions/abscesses, uterus limiting intestines in late pregnants, obstruction of any orifices b/w compartments with rope/placenta/masses
40
When would we do an atropine test (in relatino to vagal indigestion)
Where there is bradycardia and chronic indigestion - TO differentiate whether bradycardia is vagal in origin or due to cardiac disease If subcut atropine causes a significant increase in heart rate suggests some vagal nerve dysfunction
41
How can we use rumen chloride concentrations to distinguish between proximal stenosis and distal stenosis
PRox: 20mmol/l Cl- Distal: 57mmol/L Cl-
42
When would we not bother surgery with vagal indigestion due to too poor prognosis
+ve atropine test If it developed in days following RDA/AV surgery
43
When would we attempt to deal with vagal indigestion with guarded prognosis
Mechanical obstruction of reticulo-omasal orifice, reticuloperitonitis, abscesses,, later pregnancy
44
What are non-dietary cases/secondary impaction causes of abomasal impaction
Hypomotility in post parturient dairy cows Mechanica interaction between pregnant uterus and abomasum Vagal indigestion reducing motility.emptying Traumatc reticuloperitonitis causing neurological or mechanics, obstruction of outflow from pylorus Outflow disturbance due to abomasal volvulus, adhesions masses
45
Signs of abomasal impaction
Detect large firm mass on right flank palpatino BIochem changes relating to reduces emptying: metabolic alkalosis, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia,
46
Treating abomasal impaction
Minteral oil lubricant (could put this directly into abomasum via rumenotomy) Laxative Prokinetic Induction of parturition
47
Are abomasal intraluminal obstructions common
No because the reticulo-omasal orifice works as a filter to large opjectsq
48
WHat is the basic principle of abomasal displacement syndromes
Reduction in abomasal emptying due to hypomotility or atony --> Get gas accumulation causing abomasum to become buoyant and float dorsally Key = reduction in motility + increase in gas 90% of time goes to left (LDA) 10% of time goes right (RDA or AV)
49
How can high concentrate feeding predispose to abomasal displacement
Ruminal content osmolality increases, draws water in and causes more rapid passage into abomasum Get undigested material in abomasum and digestion leads to gas production
50
How does parturition predispose to abomasal displacement and at which stage do we see the different types
- ABomasum has been distorted by uterus Post calving get freeing up of lots of space Most RDAs/Avs seen post-parturitent; most LDAs seen in early lactation
51
Signs with LDA
mild drop, inappetance, change in faeces, less ruminal contraction, distended abdomen may be visible High pitched ping + fluid splash on left side Transrectal may feel that rumen has been pushed medially away from left body walll Biochem: metabolic alkalsis, hypochloraemia/kalaemia
52
Is rolling a good treatment for LDA
No because recurrence very likely
53
What signs do we see in abomasal volvulus and how is it different to LDA/RDA
More acute onset and more severe Much more distended abomasum; can see sprung rib cage; hear ping even cranially to 10th rib (covers 8th to 13th) Colic, weakness, signs of shock and endotoxaemia due to ischaemia of abomasum ( can get necrosis), tachtcardai etc Also see high L lactate
54
What would drainage of abomasal fluid/blood from an area of cellulitis suggest is going on
abomasal fistula has developed after ventral surgical or blind abomasopexy
55
Where do we see abomasal ulcers in adult cattle vs milk fed calves
In adult cattle = fundus In calves = pyloric antrum
56
Grading abomasal ulcers basic
U1 = non-perforating with minimal haemorrhage (subdivided into a-d) U2 = non-perforating with erosino of large blood vessel and massive intraluminal haemorrhage U3 = perforating with local peritonitis U4 = perforating with generalised peritonitis U5 = oerforating into omental bursa, causing omental bursitis
57
What type of ulcers are more common in calves; bleeding or perforating
Perforating
58
Which microbes are important in abomasal tympany
Gas forming ones; esp clostridia C perfringens A important
59
How does abomasal tympany syndrome/abomasitis/abomasal bloat/brazy-like disease work
Mild fed calves 2-6 weeks old Related to large milk quantities at infrequent intervals or high glucose/salt solutions which delay abomasal empying Get sudden filling of abomasum and delayed emptying which allows gas producting microbes to proliferate e.g C perfringens A so get gas build up and tympany
60
What is a good antibiotic with clostridial efficacy e.g for abomasal tympany syndrome in calves
Procaine penicillin
61
Which demographic do we tend to see abomasal trichobezoars in
Milk fed calves (veal); lack fibre
62
What is the difference between volvulus and torsion
Volvulus = rotation of viscera around its mesenteric attachment TOrsion = rotation around own axis
63
Volvulus/torsion of the mesenteric root effects
Involves most of the intestine; leads to rapid ischaemic necrosis, cardiovascular shoc High mortality
64
Volvulus of the jujunoileal flange
Dont commonly get arterial occlusions due to fat deposits; more so get venous occlusion; causes oedema, shunting of blood and then iscahemia Signs relate to obstruction (c/f cardiovascular shock) On rectal palpation feel distended intestine loops and excessive tesion on intestinal mesentery
65
What demographic is most commonly affected by intussusception
Calves <2 months old
66
Which area of the gut might we have to do manual reduction of intussusception due to difficulty of resection and anastomosis
Spiral colon
67
Signs of intussusception
Slowly appears over days; mild colic, anorexia, then pain subsides and get progressive lethargy and depression On rectal feel distended loops of intestine; may feel intuscuception as a hard sausage like structure
68
How to treat an intussusception
Right flank laparotomy, exteriorise segment and do resection and anastomosis Low survival
69
Dealing with intestinal entrapment
Cut the tight band; then check intestine for signs of ischaemia; if ischaemic should do resection and anastomosis
70
What is gut tie/pelvic hernia
Rare condition in castrated steeds/bulls where the cord forms obstructures that incarcerate the intestine; or traction can tear peritoneal fold of ductus deferens and allow loops of jejunum into pelvic cavity to get entrapped
71
When are we likely to see obstruction of small intestine/spiral colon by trichobezoars
When infected with lice/mange, during coat shedding, in cattle on low fibre diet e.g veal calves
72
What are classic biochem changes with any gut obstruction
Metabolic alkalsos, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia
73
What demographic is caecal dilation/dislocation seen in
Dairy cattle during lactaton; may be related to hypoclacaemia
74
What is atresia colon and what signs do we get
= absence of a portion of the colon; usually ascending colon at midspiral loop Likely due to vasculature compromise in early embryogenesis [Seems to be inherited in holstein freisian studies] In first few days of life see anorexia, abdominal distension, depression, absence of faecel, colic, tachycardia Ultrasound shows intestinal ileu
75
Treatment for atresia coli
Anastomosis of proximal spiral colon to descending colon to create bypass Poor prognosis IF FPT involved then give plasma before surgery
76
When should we euthanise a cow with a rectal laceration
If there is a full thickness tear communicating with the periteonal cavity; will get septic peritonitis
77
Which demographic do we typically see rectal prolapse in
Feed lot cattle between 6 months and 2 years old
78
Classifying rectal prolapses
1 = just mucosa prolapses through anus 2 - complete prolapse of rectum layers 3 = complete prolapse of rectum layers + intussusecption of colon into the rectum 4 = Get some prolapse of intussuscepting descendign colon
79
What surgery might we do for a type IV rectal prolapse
Laparotomy, resectino of affected tissue and end to end anastomoses
80
What suture do we use to retain a rectal prolapse
Purse string; remove after a wekk + give topical lidocaine to stop straining
81
What is atresia ani
Heritable condition where no anal opening; can't defecate and get subcutaneous bulge forming where anus would be Do reconstruction under caudal epidural
82
What GI condition can fat necrosis lead to
Extraluminal obstructions
83
What might be described as 'floating corks' on rectal palpation
Fat necorsis masses
84
What are risk factors for fat necrosis
Overconditioning, lack of exercise, genetics (channel island cattle, japanese), fescue pastures (infected with endophyte neotyphodium coenophialum)

Cattle (20 decks)

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