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Funds II Theory > Urinary Elimination (3-21-23) > Flashcards

Urinary Elimination (3-21-23) Flashcards

1
Q

anuria

A

no urination

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2
Q

dysuria

A

painful/difficult urination

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3
Q

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

chronic increase of serum creatinine and BUN from loss of kidney function

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4
Q

enuresis

A

incontinence

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5
Q

frequency

A

urinating in short intervals (often)

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6
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

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7
Q

oliguria

A

scanty, low urine output (> 400 mL in 24 hr)

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8
Q

nephropathy

A

kidney disease

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9
Q

nephrotoxic

A

meds that are damaging to kidney tissue

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10
Q

nocturia

A

frequent urination at night

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11
Q

nocturnal enuresis

A

bedwetting; involuntary loss of urine while asleep

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12
Q

micturition

A

to start the stream of urine; to urinate

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13
Q

pessary

A

vaginal device that holds up bladder (eases urination)

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14
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

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15
Q

proteinuria

A

protein in urine

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16
Q

pyuria

A

pus or WBCs in urine

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17
Q

urgency

A

sudden need to urinate (almost uncontrollable)

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18
Q

pyelonephritis

A

kidney infection (UTI)

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19
Q

cystitis

A

bladder infection

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20
Q

Expected Color of urine

A

pale yellow to deep amber color

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21
Q

What causes darker color of urine?

A

increased concentration of urine, decreased fluid intake, excessive fluid loss, some medications

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22
Q

Expected clarity of urine

A

translucent

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23
Q

What causes cloudiness in urine?

A

indicates presence of other constituents: bacteria, RBCs, WBCs, etc

24
Q

What causes cloudiness in urine?

A

indicates presence of other constituents: bacteria, RBCs, WBCs, etc

25
Q

Expected odor of urine

A

light smell, non-malodorous

26
Q

What causes odor in urine?

A

certain foods (asparagus, garlic, onions), bacteria produce an ammonia-like odor, metabolic disorders cause sweet, fruity odor

27
Q

Expected pH of urine

A

5.0-9.0 (averages 6.0)

28
Q

What causes acidity in urine?

A

calculi, high protein diet, consumes cranberry juice

29
Q

What causes alkalinity in urine?

A

calculi, UTI, diet high in dairy products, citrus fruits, or vegetarian diet

30
Q

Expected Results of specific gravity

A

1.002 - 1.030 (the bigger the number, the more concentrated)

31
Q

What causes elevation (concentrated)?

A

dehydration

32
Q

What causes decrease in specific gravity (diluted)?

A

fluid excess, high fluid intake, kidney disease

33
Q

Expected protein in urine

A

negative or <20 mg/day (increased protein presences = kidney failure)

34
Q

Causes of protein presence

A

CHF, strenuous exercise, glomerular or other renal damage, kidney failure

35
Q

RBCs/ Hemoglobin expected results in urine

A

negative or <5

36
Q

Causes of increased RBCs in urine

A

glomerular damage (causes RBCs to filter through), calculi (causes tears and bleeding), inflammation in GU tract, side effect of anticoagulants/clotting disorders

37
Q

WBCs expected results in urine

A

negative or <5

38
Q

Causes of increased WBCs in urine

A

calculi, inflammation, infections; serious renal conditions (no culture growth)

39
Q

Glucose expected result in urine

A

negative

40
Q

Causes of glucose presence

A

hyperglycemia, pregnancy, renal dysfunction, corticosteroid use

41
Q

Ketones expected result

A

negative

42
Q

Causes of ketone presence

A

breakdown of fat from factors such as prolonged vomiting or vomiting, fasting or starvation, poorly controlled hyperglycemia, DKA

43
Q

How are ketones formed?

A

formed during abnormal breakdown of fat

44
Q

Bilirubin expected results

A

negative

45
Q

Causes of bili presence

A

liver disease, constipation, hemolysis

46
Q

How is bilirubin released?

A

released when RBCs breakdown; excreted by liver

47
Q

Nitrites expected result

A

negative or <5

48
Q

causes of nitrite presence

A

UTI, other infections caused by nitrite forming bacteria (gram-neg such as E. Coli or K. pneumonia); not always present in all UTI cases

49
Q

Leukocyte Esterase expected result

A

negative or <5

50
Q

Causes of leukocyte esterase presence

A

UTI, other infections

51
Q

Crystals expected result

A

negative

52
Q

Causes of crystal presence

A

calculi, high intake of oxalates (cocoa, nuts, potatoes/french fries, artificial sweeteners, spinach)

53
Q

How should you sample for crystals? Why?

A

sample fresh urine only; crystals can form when urine sits, ages

54
Q

Bacteria/Yeast/Parasites expected result

A

negative

55
Q

Causes of microbe presence

A

infection caused by the type of microbes growing in the urine culture

tested by doing a C&S

Funds II Theory (7 decks)

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