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Funds II Theory > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Identify factors that influence cardiovascular function

A

Age
Stress
Allergic reaction
Altitude
Pregnancy
Nutrition
Obesity
Exercise
Tobacco
Substance abuse
meds

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2
Q

S/S of Left Sided Heart Failure

A

Crackles
SOB
Productive cough (frothy/pink)
PE
Dyspnea
Decreased SPO2
Increased RR, HR, BP
Cardiomyopathy
Edema
Weight gain
Cyanosis/pallor
Confusion
Bounding pulses
Fatigue
Cool to touch/wet skin

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3
Q

S/S of Right Sided Heart Failure

A

Peripheral edema/JVD
Abdominal distention/pain
Murmurs
Full feeling in stomach
Urgency to urinate
Nausea/vomiting
Increased BP
anorexia

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4
Q

S/S of Anemia

A

Tachycardia
Fatigue
Pallor
Confusion
Diminished pulses

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5
Q

S/S of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) and what is it?

A

Buildup of fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits on artery walls (atherosclerosis)

Coldness in lower leg or foot
Leg numbness or weakness
No pulse or weak pulse
Cramping after activities
Shiny skin on leg

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6
Q

Vasodilators: function, suffix, example

A

Dilate blood vessels and ease cardiac workload
-pril
Ex: nitroglycerin

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7
Q

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers: function, suffix, example

A

Reduce workload of heart and reduce oxygen consumption (relax heart)
-olol
metoprolol

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8
Q

Positive Inotropic Agents: function, example

A

Improve effectiveness of heart’s pumping action without excess workload or oxygen demands (decreases heart rate, for heart failure)
Ex: digoxin

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9
Q

Diuretic: function, example

A

Reduce volume of circulating blood; prevent accumulation of fluid in pulmonary circulation and body tissues (heart failure)
Ex: furosemide

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10
Q

Anticoagulants: function, examples

A

Blood thinner (prevents clots)
Ex: heparin, enoxaparin

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11
Q

S/S of Arterial Insufficiency

A

Pallor/cyanotic/necrotic
Cool to touch
Diminished/weak/absent pulses
Slow cap refill
Wounds (dry/necrotic)
Loss of hair
Pain upon activity (intermittent claudication)

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12
Q

S/S of Venous Insufficiency

A

Erythema/”ruddy”
Swelling, edema, oozy
Warmth
Painful (esp when extremity is dependent [hanging down])
Wounds with drainage

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13
Q

Cognitive Domain of Learning: definition, examples

A

Storing and recalling of new knowledge in the brain
Ex: lecture, panel, discovery, written materials

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14
Q

Psychomotor Domain of Learning: definition, examples

A

Learning a physical skill
Ex: demonstration, discovery, printed materials

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15
Q

Affective Domain of Learning: definition, examples

A

Changing attitudes, values, and feelings; encouraging
Ex: role modeling, discussion, audiovisual materials

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16
Q

Identify factors that can affect learning

A

Age and developmental level
Family support networks
Financial resources
Cultural influences
Language deficits
Health literacy level

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17
Q

Identify strategies for motivating learners

A

Let them know what’s in it for them
Teaching in a way that the client prefers or learns best in

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18
Q

Metabolic Acidosis: causes, S/S

A

Causes: kidney failure, liver failure, severe diarrhea (ASSidosis)
S/S: kussmaul breathing (deep and fast), hyperkalemia

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19
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis: causes, S/S

A

Causes: loss of gastric contents; vomiting (AHHlkalosis)
S/S: HYPOventilation

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20
Q

Respiratory Acidosis: causes, S/S

A

Causes: HYPOventilation= drug overdose, opioids, sleep apnea, COPD, asthma
S/S: increased bicarbonate

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21
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis: causes, S/S

A

Causes: HYPERventilation= pain, anxiety, fear
S/S: decreased bicarbonate

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22
Q

S/S of Hypervolemia: VS, skin, neuro, CV/pulmonary, GU, labs

A

VS: HTN, increased temp, bounding pulses, increased RR/HR
Skin: moist/wet/oozy skin/wounds, warm, redness, edema, moist mucous membranes
Neuro: decreased mobility, decreased ROM, confusion, weakness
CV/Pulmonary: tachycardia, tachypnea, crackles, regurgitation in heart, productive cough, dyspnea, JVD, S3 sounds
GU: increased urination, clear urine
Labs: decreased Hct, K, Na, osmolality

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23
Q

S/S of Hypovolemia: VS, skin, neuro, CV/pulmonary, GU, labs

A

VS: hypotension, weak pulses, increased RR/HR, decreased SPO2
Skin: dry, cool, pallor, decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes
Neuro: confusion, weakness, lethargy, cramping, no perspiration
CV/Pulmonary: tachycardia, tachypnea, orthostatic hypotension, weak pulses, slow cap refill
GU: decreased urination, dark/concentrated urine, no output
Labs: hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, increased Hct, increased Hgb, increased osmolality

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24
Q

Hypotonic Fluids: function, uses, examples

A

ECF moves inside cell; CELL SWELLS
Uses: dehydrated cells, DKA, hyperglycemia
Ex: 5% dextrose in water (D5W), 0.25% NaCl (¼ NS), 0.45% NaCl (½ NS)

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25
Q

Isotonic Fluids: function, uses, examples

A

Increase ECF volume (blood volume)
Uses: bl loss, surgery, vomit, diarrhea, dehydration
Ex: lactated ringers, 0.9% NaCL

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26
Q

Hypertonic Fluids: function, uses, examples

A

ICF moves outside of cell; CELL SHRINKS
Uses: swollen cells, cerebral edema, HYPONATREMIA
Ex: 5% dextrose in 0.45 NaCl, 5% dextrose in 0.9% NaCl, 3% NaCl

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27
Q

Phlebitis: definition, S/S, intervention

A

Inflammation of a vein
Pain, increased skin temp, redness
D/C IV line, apply moist WARM compress, monitor IV site for redness/tenderness to prevent infection

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28
Q

Infiltration: definition, S/S, intervention

A

Leakage of IV solution or med into extravascular tissue (does not irritate tissue)
Edema, pallor, decreased skin temp around site, pain
D/C IV line, elevate extremity, WARM compress to absorb fluid

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29
Q

Extravasation: definition, S/S, intervention

A

IV catheter becomes dislodged and med infuses into tissues (irritates tissue)
Pain, stinging, burning, swelling, redness at site
D/C IV line, apply COOL compress, admin antidote if exists for med

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30
Q

Factors that cause slowed peristalsis

A

Some foods: cheese, milk, etc
Narcotic pain meds
Antacids
Iron supplements (black/dark brown stools)
Stress
Immobility
Nerve damage (e.g. abdominal surgery/spinal cord injury)
Food allergies
Dehydration

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31
Q

Factors that cause rapid peristalsis

A

Antibiotics
Laxatives
Magnesium
Vitamin C
Stress
Food allergies/lactose intolerance
Infections
Bowel diseases: IBS, celiac, crohn’s, ulcerative colitis
Caffeine

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32
Q

List nursing interventions that promote normal bowel elimination

A

Avoid stimulant laxatives (cause painful peristalsis/diarrhea which could lead to dehydration/electrolyte imbalance)
Adequate fiber intake (increases wt and size of stool and softens it)
AT LEAST 6-8 glasses of water per day
Maintain regular eating schedule
Avoid holding it in (causes more water to be absorbed in colon)
Be active/exercise

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33
Q

White or clay-colored stool

A

absence of bile or use of antacids

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34
Q

Light brown stool

A

diet high in milk products (light color is from the Ca)

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35
Q

Pale, fatty stools

A

malabsorption of fat

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36
Q

Black, tarry stool

A

use of iron meds, upper GI bleeds, lg quantities of red meat

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37
Q

Red stool

A

bleeding in lower intestinal tract or hemorrhoids

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38
Q

Narrow, pencil shaped stool

A

intestinal constriction (inflammation)

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39
Q

Small, marble shaped stool

A

Constipation/slow peristalsis/dehydration

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40
Q

Hard stool

A

Constipation/slow peristalsis/dehydration

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41
Q

Liquid stool

A

diarrhea/rapid peristalsis

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42
Q

Strong, foul odor stool

A

Blood, infection (C. Diff)

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43
Q

Small amounts of water, “oozy” stool

A

can see it in bowel obstruction

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44
Q

Ileostomy: location, complications, stool consistency

A

In ileum of small intestine, avoids all colon
Increase caloric diet and supplements (risk of malnutrition)
Watery stool

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45
Q

Ascending Colostomy: stool consistency

A

pudding thick stool

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46
Q

Transverse Colostomy: stool consistency

A

less watery/semi-formed stool

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47
Q

Sigmoid Colostomy: stool consistency

A

formed stool

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48
Q

Stoma assessments- what should be assessed, what is “normal”, and what is “abnormal”

A

Expected to be beefy red and moist
Assess peri area for skin breakdown
Black or cyanotic tissue is abnormal

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49
Q

Factors that caused increased urinary output

A

Diabetes, UTIs (sometimes), diuretics, increased fluid intake

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50
Q

Factors that cause decreased urinary output

A

Dehydration, high fever, antihistamines and drugs with anticholinergic effects, some antidepressants

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51
Q

Know nursing considerations of diuretics

A

Watch potassium, and other electrolyte levels
Systolic BP > 100
Give in morning, not before bed

52
Q

Be able to identify the “normal” amount of urinary output in health persons

A

At least 30 mL/hr or 720 mL/24 hrs

50-60 mL/hr is ideal

53
Q

Clean catch urine

A

Collected during midstream (sterile specimen)

54
Q

Sterile Urine Specimen

A

May be obtained by catheterizing pt’s bladder or taking specimen from indwelling catheter

55
Q

24 Hour Collection of Urine

A

All urine is collected for 24 hours

56
Q

List nursing interventions that promote normal urination

A

Adequate fluid intake
Ambulation

57
Q

Compare NSAIDS vs opioid analgesics

A

NSAIDs are given for mild pain
Opioids are given for severe pain

58
Q

Somatic Pain

A

Pain perceived by muscles, joints, tendons/ligaments, bones

59
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Pain perceived by internal organs

60
Q

Cutaneous Pain

A

Pain perceived by skin

Burns, tears, bruises, scrapes

61
Q

Radiating Pain

A

Pain that travels from one body part to another

62
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain that is perceived in an area distant from point of origin

Gallbladder/pancreas pain can refer to back
Jaw pain during MI (mainly females)

63
Q

Phantom Pain

A

Pain that often occurs with an amputated limb where receptors and nerves are clearly absent

64
Q

Psychogenic Pain

A

Cause of pain cannot be identified
Associated w/ psychological factors; mental or emotional problems can make pain worse

Ex: back pain

65
Q

S/S of Acute Pain

A

Increased vital signs
Severe pain can cause reflex action to escape the cause
Anxiety is usually present
The pain is not all consuming

66
Q

S/S of Chronic Pain

A

Normal or decreased vital signs
Tends to consume entire person (demands total attention)
Physically and emotionally exhausting
Ongoing irritability, fear, isolation, fatigue, anger, helplessness, stress/anxiety, DEPRESSION

67
Q

Identify factors that influence pain

A

Culture/ethnicity
Family
Sex
Gender
Age
Environment
Support
Anxiety/stress
Previous pain experience

68
Q

Identify the components of a pain assessment

A

Onset
Provoking factors
Quality
Region/radiating
Severity
Time (duration)

69
Q

Factors that influence sleep and rest

A

Sleep patterns
Motivation
Culture
Activity level
Smoking
Alcohol (decreases sleep quality)
Stress
Illness
Certain meds
Incontinence
Pain
Nausea
Environmental factors: temp and humidity

70
Q

Consequences of lack of sleep

A

Obesity= increased appetite and decreased metabolism
Anxiety
Risk for= DM, HTN, stroke, substance abuse, depression, GI issues
Decreased alertness and response time (impaired driving)
Fatigue/sleepiness
Decreased immunity = increased risk of infections

71
Q

Describe nursing strategies to promote sleep

A

Prepare a restful environment
Promote bedtime rituals
Offer appropriate bedtime snacks (light carb/protein) and beverages
Promote relaxation and comfort
Respect normal sleep-wake patterns
Schedule nursing care to avoid disturbances
Use meds to produce sleep
Patient education to promote sleep

72
Q

REM Sleep

A

Eyes dart back and forth quickly
Small muscle twitching, such as on the face
Large muscle immobility, resembling paralysis
Irregular RR; sometimes apnea
Rapid/irregular pulse
BP increases or fluctuates
Increase in gastric secretions
Metabolism increases; body temp increases
Encephalogram tracings active
REM sleep enters from stage II of NREM sleep and reenters NREM sleep at stage II: arousal from sleep is difficult
Constitutes about 20 to 25% of sleep

73
Q

Stage 1 NREM

A

Transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep
Relaxed state but still somewhat aware of surroundings
Involuntary muscle jerking may occur
Stage normally only lasts minutes
Person can be aroused easily
Constitutes only about 5% of total sleep

74
Q

Stage 2 NREM

A

Falls into a stage of sleep
VS begin to decrease
Person can be aroused with relative ease
Constitutes 50 to 55% of sleep

75
Q

Stage 3 NREM

A

The depth of sleep increases, and arousal becomes increasingly difficult
Deepest sleep
Everything is decreased (VS, metabolism, relaxation,etc.)
Composes about 10% of sleep

76
Q

Stage 4 NREM

A

“Pre-REM sleep”

77
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Early portion of Stage 1 NREM
Relaxed and sleepy
Low frequency, high amplitude waves

78
Q

Beta Waves

A

REM sleep and awake
WAKEFULNESS

79
Q

Delta Waves

A

Stage 3 and 4 NREM (deep) sleep

80
Q

Theta Waves

A

During stage 1 and 2 NREM (light) sleep
Mainly seen in children

81
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Condition characterized by excessive sleeping, especially daytime sleeping
When awake are often disoriented, irritated, restless, slower speech and thinking processes
MVA risk due to drowsiness or falling asleep while driving

82
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep, intermittent sleep, or early awakening from sleep
Feeling tired, lethargic, irritable, difficulty concentrating, delirium

83
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

Potentially serious sleep disorder in which the throat muscles intermittently relax and block airway during sleep, causing breathing to repeatedly stop and start
Sleepiness, fatigue, insomnia, snoring, observed apnea, irritability, fall asleep during boring activities, difficulty concentrating, slower reaction times
Risk of hypoxia

84
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Condition characterized by an uncontrolled desire to sleep
Hallucinations, sleep paralysis, cataplexy (loss of skeletal muscle tone lasting from seconds to 1 to 2 minutes)
Can fall asleep quickly and during any activity

85
Q

Parasomnias

A

Patterns of waking behavior that appear during sleep (sleepwalking, sleep talking, nocturnal erections)
Risk for injury

86
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking
risk for injury/falls

87
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome

A

A condition in which patients are unable to lie still and report experiencing unpleasant creeping, crawling, or tingling sensations in the legs
Irresistible urge to move legs when sensations occur

88
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

A decrease in the amount, consistency, and quality of sleep; results from decreased REM or NREM sleep
Loss of concentration, inattention, irritability

89
Q

Total Cholesterol: Normal Range

A

<200

90
Q

HDL Cholesterol: Normal Range

A

> 40

91
Q

LDL Cholesterol: Normal Range

A

<100

92
Q

WBC: Normal Range

A

5-10 billion/L

93
Q

Serum Albumin: Normal Range

A

3.4-5.4 g/dL

94
Q

ESR: Normal Range

A

0-15 males; 0-20 females

95
Q

RBC: Normal Range

A

3.6-6.1 million/mcL

96
Q

Hemoglobin: Normal Range

A

11.1-15.3 g/dL

97
Q

Hematocrit: Normal Range

A

33.7-46%

98
Q

Platelets: Normal Range

A

150-450 billion/L

99
Q

PT: Normal Range

A

11.1-13.5 sec

100
Q

INR: Normal Range

A

0.8-1.3 sec

101
Q

INR: anticoagulant use range

A

2.0-3.0 sec

102
Q

PTT: Normal Range

A

25-35 sec

103
Q

PTT: Heparin

A

1.5-2.5x (25-35 sec)

104
Q

Ejection Fraction: Normal Range

A

desired: 50-70%
bad: <40%

105
Q

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP): Normal Range

A

<100 pg/mL

106
Q

Potassium: Normal Range

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

107
Q

Sodium: Normal Range

A

135-145 mEq/L

108
Q

Calcium: Normal Range

A

8.5-10.2 mg/dL

109
Q

ABGs: pH: Normal Range

A

7.35-7.45

110
Q

ABGs: PaCO2: Normal Range

A

35-45 mmHg

111
Q

ABGs: HCO3: Normal Range

A

22-26 mEq/L

112
Q

ABGs: PaO2: Normal Range

A

80-100 mmHg

113
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Normal Range

A

7-24 mg/dL

114
Q

Creatinine: Normal Range

A

0.5-1.5 mg/dL

115
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Normal Range

A

> 90 mL/hr

116
Q

Serum Osmolality: Normal Range

A

275-295 mOsm/kg

117
Q

Urinalysis: pH: Normal Range

A

5.0-9.0 (average 6.0)

118
Q

Urinalysis: Specific Gravity: Normal Range

A

1.002-1.030

119
Q

Urinalysis: Protein: Normal Range

A

<20 mg/day

120
Q

Urinalysis: Glucose: Normal Range

A

Negative

121
Q

Urinalysis: Ketones: Normal Range

A

Negative

122
Q

Urinalysis: Nitrities: Normal Range

A

Negative

123
Q

Urinalysis: Leukocyte Esterase: Normal Range

A

Negative or <5 per high power field

124
Q

Urinalysis: Crystals: Normal Range

A

Negative

125
Q

Urinalysis: Casts: Normal Range

A

Rare or negative

126
Q

Urinalysis: Bacteria: Normal Range

A

Negative

Funds II Theory (7 decks)

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