URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards by Jearaldine Acosta

A 2 bean - shaped organs which are located retroperitoneally in costovertebral angle (CVA)

Kidneys

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Light in color and granular in appearances.

Cortex

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It is surrounded by Bowman’s Capsule

Glomerulus

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Contains the loop of Henle, Vasarecta and Renal Pyramids

Medulla

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The kidney receives how many percent of total amount of Cardiac output

20-25%

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It is a basic structural unit of kidney; responsible for urine formation.

Nephrons

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It secretes renin

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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Normal value of GFR

125ml/min

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Normal UO in ml/hr

40-60 ml/hr

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Normal UO Per day

1,500/day

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It is where the urine flows out and go through the renal pelvis

Renal pyramids

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It is Responsible for H20 reabsorption

Loop of Henle

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It regulates renal blood flow and improve normal renal tissue perfusion

Vasa recta

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A type of nephron which responsible for urine formation

Cortical Nephrons

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In case of Renal Failure what is the only acid base imbalanced occur

Metabolic Acidosis

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DOC for hyperkalemia

Kayexalate/ Sodium Polystyrene sulfonate/exchange resin

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What is the action of Kayexalate in case of R.F

It exchanges for sodium Ions in the body and eliminates excess potassium

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Is there a need to give a small amount of insulin for the pt. who had hyperkalemia? Why?

Yes because Potassium have close affinity with glucose

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What are the 2 organs helps in activation of Vit. D?

Liver and Kidneys

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In case of R.F related to Hypercalcemia what complication may occur?

Renal Osteodystrophy

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Responsible for guarding the cell

Calcium

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What will happen with the pt. with hypercalcemia?

M T S C P C

Muscle Twitching
Seizures
Convulsions
Paresthesia
Cell excitability

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What manifest in pt. with hypernatremia

presence of edema

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Explain the RAAS

Presence of hypovolemia/decreased BP
Juxtamedullary will release renin
Renin stimulates liver to produce angiotensinogen
Converted to Angiotensinogen 1 by ACE released by the lungs
Then Angiotensinogen will now activated that causes vaso
stimulate the released of ADH

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It is the hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC. Carries oxygenated blood to the tissues and cells

Erythropoietin

DOC for anemia

Epoetin/ Epoetin Alfa

Released by the atria of the heart in response to increased volume and stretch occurs in increased extracellular volume.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

It is a hormone that inhibits ADH

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Located Posterior to the symphysis pubis

Urinary bladder

In female urinary bladder lies immediately in front of the?

Vagina/uterus

In male urinary bladder lies immediately in front of the?

Rectum

Urinary bladder holds about?

500 - 800 ml of urine

It is a smooth triangular portion of the base of the bladder outlined by these openings

Trigone wall

A muscle that contract to propel urine out of to urethra

Detrusor

It allows the bladder to expand or contract accdg to the amount of urine it holds

Detrusor

A thin - walled muscular tube that channels urine to the outside of the body

Urethra

How many inches of female's urethra?

1 1/2 inches

How many inches of male's urethra?

5 - 6 inches

Red, Dark color of urine

Presence of blood in the urine

Smoky color of urine

Microscopic Hematuria

Cloudy color of urine

Infection

Colorless color of urine

FVE / Overhydration

Very Dark yellow color of urine

FVD/Dehydration

Red/Red Brown color of urine

Pt. is taking Terocin/Rifampicin

Orange color of urine

Severe DHN

Blue/Green color of urine

Pt. is taking Elavil (Anti - depressant)

Brown/Black color of urine

Lysol poisoning

Milky color of urine

Presence of fats

Ph level of urine

4.5 - 8 (Slightly acidic)

Specific Gravity of urine

1.010 - 1.025

BUN level

10-20 mg/dL

Serum Creatinine

0.4 to 1.2

Serum uric acid

2.2 to 5.5

Serum Albumin

3.2 to 5.5

Normal Value of RBC

48% to 54%

HCT male

41 -50

HCT Female

36 - 45

Creatinine Clearance

97 - 127 (male) 85 - 135 (female)

How many hours of urine collection should done

12 - 24 hrs

It is a procedure the has a direct visualization of urethral bladder or the other internal structures

Cystoscopy

What are you preparation before cystoscopy

Laxatives and Sedatives

Why does pt. undergo Local anesthesia should increase his/her Fluid intake?

To prevent ascending urinary tract infection

Recommended position in Cystoscopy

Lithotomy

Why does a pt. undergo cystoscopy need a bed rest ?

To prevent orthostatic hypotension or supine hypertensive syndrome

WOF after cycstoscopy L B H A C F

Low UO Bright bleeding Hematuria Abdominal Pain Chills Fever

Is Pink - tinged urine after cystoscopy normal?

Yes

It is a use of medium contrast

Intravenous Pyelogram

What do you call the contrast medium?

Hypaque

What medication should you have at bedside if the pt. undergo Intravenous pyelogram?

Epinephrine

S/Sx of Delayed allergic reaction S P R D

SOB Pruritus Rashes Dyspnea

It is a painless procedure with no special preparation done

KUB (Kidney Ureters Bladder)

Aspiration of sample tissue through fine needle

Renal biopsy

Bed rest for how many hours

24 hrs

Why do we need to obtain HCT and HGB in 8hrs?

To detect internal bleeding

How many weeks should the pt. undergo renal biopsy avoid having strenuous activities?

2 weeks

Recommended position for renal biopsy

Prone

Why do we need to test the PTT of the pt. undergo R.B?

To check/measures blood clotting occurs

Therapeutic range of PTT

1.5 - 2x the normal value

Normal value of PTT

11 to 16 secs

Exact Location of the kidey

Between 3rd Lumbar and 12 Thoracic

Weight of the Kidney

120-130g(4.5oz)

Length of the kidney

5-6 inches/10-12cm

Width of the kidney

2-3 inches/6cm

Thickness of the kidney

2-3cm

Why does the right kidney is lower than the left kidney

Because of the presence of Liver at the top of the Right kidney

On top of the kidney is the Liver. Then, what is present on the top of the liver

Adrenal gland(medulla/cortex)

The outer layer of the kidney

CORTEX

A layer of the kidney that contains the Glomerulus

It is a taft of capillaries that is site for Filtration of waste and other important substances

GLOMERULUS

Approximately 1 cm wide

CORTEX

The inner layer of the kidney

MEDULLA

Approximately 5cm wide

Each kidney contains hoe many Nephrons

1 million nephrons

It is a tube connected to the renal pyramid

RENAL PELVIS

Where the urine flow to the renal pelvis doen to the ureter

RENAL PELVIS

Over production of Urine

POLYURIA

Decrease production of urine

Oliguria

Zero Production of Urine

Anuria

Blood in the Urine

Hematuria

Pus in the urine

Pyuria

Painful urination

Dysuria

Painful sexual intercourse

Dyspareunia

Excessive urination at night

Nocturia

The 8 function of the kidney

Urine formation Excretion of waste products Regulation of electrolytes Regulation of acid base balance Control of water balance and BP Regulation of RBC production Synthesis of vitamin D to active form Secretions of prostaglandins

What are the waste products present in the blood that should excrete by the kidney

Urea Uric acid Nitrogen Creatinine

Drug of choice for METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

SODIUM BICARBONATE

Normal value of magnesium

1.5-2.5mg/dL

Electrolyte imbalance present in magnesium

Hypermagnesemia

Electrolyte imbalance present in Phosporus

Hyperphospatimia: Hypocalcemia Phosphorus are inversely proportional with calcium

Normal value of Phosphorus

2.5-3.5mEq/L

Electrolyte imbalance present in Potassium

Hyperkalemia

Normal value of Potassium

3.5-4.5mEq/L

Medication that can give to Hyperkalemia patient

CALCIUM GLUCONATE SODIUM BICARBONATE KAYEXALATE GLUCOSE DIALYSIS INSULIN