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SAP 3 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

name the 4 organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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2
Q

what is the function of the kidneys

A

to filter blood, and remove excess waste and extra water

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3
Q

what is the function of the ureter

A

transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

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4
Q

what is the function of the urinary bladder

A

storage for urine, until active excretion

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5
Q

what is the function of the urethra

A

takes urine to the exterior of the body

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6
Q

what are the three external layers of the kidneys

A

renal fascia, adipose capsule,
renal capsule

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7
Q

what is the function of the renal fascia

A

outer layer that anchors kidney to surrounding structures; protects kidneys

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8
Q

what is the function of the adipose capsule

A

middle layer of fat. protects kidney and holds in place

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9
Q

what is the function of the renal capsule

A

inner layer protecting kidney, keeps shape

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10
Q

what are the two regions of the internal kidney

A

renal cortex, renal medulla

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11
Q

what are the three sections of the renal medulla

A

renal pyramids, renal papilla, renal columns

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12
Q

what are the 3 middle sections of the kidney (in order of transportation)

A

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

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13
Q

list the order of blood supply in the kidneys (13)

A

renal artery, segmental artery, interloper arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arteries, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries/vasa recta, arcuate veins, interloper veins, renal veins

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14
Q

name the two functional units of the kidneys

A

renal corpuscle, renal tubules

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15
Q

name the two structures of the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus

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16
Q

name the three sections of the renal tubules

A

proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop (loop of henle)
distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

what are the three layers of the glomerulus

A

glomerular endothelial cell
basal lamina
slit membrane

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18
Q

describe the function of the glomerulus

A

as blood enters the glomerulus, blood cells and platelets are caught in the first layer of glomerular endothelial cell) and continue through.
the basal lamina filters the excess and prevents larger proteins from being released.
the slit membrane prevents medium sized proteins, and releases any other excess waste

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19
Q

describe the function of the Proximal convoluted tubule

Study These Flashcards
A

reabsorbs majority of the waste from the filtrate; has microvilli facing lumen to assist with this

20
Q

describe the function of the nephron loop

Study These Flashcards
A

reabsorb water and sodium chloride from the filtrate
the ascending limb is impermeable to H2O; pumps out salts to create an interstitial fluid in the medulla - this allows for more water reabsorption in the descending limb, as it is permeable to H2O

21
Q

describe the function of the distal convoluted tubule

Study These Flashcards
A

regulation of extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis

22
Q

describe the function of the collecting duct

Study These Flashcards
A

resorb H2O and concentrate urine before they lead urine to the minor calyces

23
Q

what are the two types of nephrons, and what is the difference between the two

Study These Flashcards
A

juxtamedullary nephron - has a longer nephron loop, has peri tubular capillaries and vasa recta

corticol nephrons - has a shorter nephron loop, only has peritubular capillaries

24
Q

describe the three steps of urine formation

Study These Flashcards
A

glomerular filtration - water and solutes in plasma filtered into Bowman’s capsule

tubular reabsorption - water and solute are reabsorbed from tubules into peri tubular and vasa recta capillaries

tubular secretion - waste and excess ions secreted from peri tubular and vasa recta capillaries into tubules

25
what are the three types of filtration pressures
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure
26
describe glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
pressure of blood in glomerular capillaries - promotes filtration by forcing water and the solutes through the filtration membrane into the Bowmans capsule
27
describe capsular hydrostatic pressure
pressure back against filtration membrane by filtrate in Bowman's capsule
28
describe blood colloid osmotic pressure
pressure exerted by plasma proteins which draws fluid into capillaries; pressure caused by presence of large proteins in blood plasma - draws water back into blood vessels, opposing filtration
29
what is net filtration pressure
GBHP - CHP - BCOP if NFP is positive, filtration will occur if NFP is negative, stronger pressure will cause no filtration
30
what is glomerular filtration rate
the amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles in both kidneys each minute
31
what are the 3 types of regulation of glomerular filtration rate
renal auto regulation neural regulation hormonal regulation
32
what are the two types of renal regulation
myogenic mechanism tubuloglomerular feedback
33
describe myogenic mechanism
the afferent arteriole stretches due to increased blood pressure so the smooth muscle contracts to decrease the diameter of the afferent arteriole this decreases GFR
34
describe tubuloglomerular feedback
there is an increase in sodium and chloride in the tubules so the juxtaglomerular cells secretes hormones to decrease the afferent arteriole diameter this decreases GFR
35
describe neural regulation
sympathetic stimulation causes the release of norepinephrine this causes constriction of afferent arterioles this decreases GFR
36
describe the role of angiotensin 2 in hormonal regulation
hormone is released in response to decrease in blood pressure this causes vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arteriole this decreases GFR
37
describe the role of atrial natriuretic peptide in hormonal regulation
hormone is released in response to atrial stretching due to increased blood volume this relaxes mesangial cells in the glomerulus, which increases filtration this increases GFR
38
describe the formation of dilute urine
there is no ADH present, making the collecting duct impermeable to water; producing large volume of dilute urine
39
describe the formation of concentrated urine
occurs in juxtamedullary nephrons, due to osmotic gradient of interstitial fluid in renal medulla ADH is present, making collecting duct permeable to water this all produces concentrated urine
40
describe the storage of urine
once the urine passes through the ureter, it is collected in the bladder. as it fills, the pressure increases and the rug is stretched
41
describe the elimination of urine
once the bladder is full, stretch receptors transmit nerve impulses to spinal cord. reflex arc initiated causes contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of internal urethral sphincter. conscious relaxation of external urethral sphincter allows for urination to occur
42
what are the 5 hormones that are used stimulated in the urinary system
angiotensin 2 aldosterone antidiuretic hormone parathyroid hormone atrial natriuretic peptide
43
what is the stimulus and mechanism of angiotensin 2
stimulated by drop in BV and BP it decreases GFR via vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. increases reabsorption of sodium in water in proximal convoluted tubule . stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
44
what is the stimulus and mechanism of aldosterone
stimulated by drop in BV and BP it stimulates principal cells in collecting ducts to reabsorb more sodium and secrete more potassium, thus increasing water reabsorption
45
what is the stimulus and mechanism of antidiuretic hormone
stimulated by increase in blood osmolarity it stimulates insertion of aquaporin-2 protein channels into membrane of principal cells, increasing permeability of DCT and collecting duct to water, and increases water reabsorption
46
what is the stimulus and mechanism of parathyroid hormone
stimulated by the decrease in blood calcium concentration it increases the reabsorption of calcium in the early distal convoluted tubule
47
what is the stimulus and mechanism of atrial natriuretic peptide
stimulated by increase in BV it inhibits reabsorption of sodium and water in the proximal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, reducing blood volume and blood pressure

SAP 3 (3 decks)

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