Urinary System Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What are the 5 functions of the urinary system?
A
- Excretion
- Regulation of Blood Volume & Blood Pressure
- Ion Concentration Regulation
- pH Regulation
- Vitamin D and RBC Synthesis
2
Q
This is the elimination of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ion
A
Excretion
3
Q
This is the hormone that our kidneys create to stimulate the production of RBCs.
A
Erythropoietin
4
Q
What are the 4 organs in the urinary system?
A
- Kidney
- Ureters
- Urethra
- Urinary Bladder
5
Q
These are bean-shaped organs
A
Kidneys
6
Q
Size of a kidney?
A
11 cm, can be compared to:
* a bar of soap
* a tightly clenched fist
7
Q
Location of the kidneys?
A
Extending from T12-L3, Retroperitoneal
(Specifically between the dorsal wall and parietal peritoneum)
8
Q
Fill in the blanks:
The right kidney is _______ than the left because it is crowded by the right lobe of the liver.
A
Lower
9
Q
This is the connective tissue that surrounds each kidney.
A
Renal capsule
10
Q
3 layers of renal capsule:
A
- Renal Fascia
- Perirenal Fat Capsule
- Fibrous Capsule
11
Q
This layer anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures
A
Renal fascia
12
Q
This layer cushions the kidney (fatty cushion), prevents trauma, and stabilize the kidney.
A
Perirenal fat capsule
13
Q
This layer can lessen when losing weight.
A
Perirenal fat capsule
14
Q
This is the dropping of the kidney.
A
Renal ptosis
15
Q
This layer adheres to the kidney and prevents the spread of infection.
A
Fibrous capsule
16
Q
This is where renal artery and nerves enter, and renal vein, ureter, and lymph vessels exit
A
Renal hilum
17
Q
Cavity which contains blood vessels
A
Renal sinus
18
Q
This is the outer superficial region which is light-colored and granular in appearance
A
Renal cortex
19
Q
Multiple choice:
Why is the renal cortex granular in appearance?
A.) For reabsorption
B.) For filtration
A
B.) For filtration
20
Q
This is the inner deep layer which is dark-colored and striped in appearance, and is known to function for reabsorption
A
Renal medulla
21
Q
Cone-shaped tissue masses located between the cortex and medulla
A
Renal pyramids
22
Q
Part of renal pyramid that points externally
A
Base (Broad)
23
Q
Part of renal pyramid that points internally
A
Apex (Pointed)
24
Q
This separates the renal pyramids.
A
Renal columns
25
This is the funnel-shaped structure which surround the tip (apex) of renal pyramid.
Renal calyces
26
Fill in the blank:
The calyces from all the renal pyramids join to form a larger funnel called ____________.
Renal pelvis
27
This is the structural and functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
28
How many nephrons are produced per each kidney on a daily basis?
1 million nephrons
29
What are the 2 parts of nephron?
1. Renal corpuscles
2. Renal tubules
30
This is located at the renal cortex which functions to filter
Renal corpuscle
31
This resembles a ball of yarn and is fenestrated (pored)
Glomerulus
32
This encapsulates the glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
33
This is located partially at the renal cortex and mostly at the medulla
Renal tubules
34
What are the 3 parts of renal tubules?
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. Nephron loop
3. Distal convoluted tubule
35
What are the 2 parts of the nephron loop?
1. Descending loop
2. Ascending loop
36
These are nephrons located in the renal cortex.
Cortical nephrons
37
Fill in the blank:
Cortical nephrons make up ____% of the nephrons in the kidneys
85%
38
These are nephrons located in the renal medulla.
Juxtamedullary nephrons
39
Fill in the blank:
Juxtamedullary nephrons make up _____% of the nephrons in the kidneys
15%
40
This transports the blood to the glomerulus.
Afferent arteriole
41
This is where the exchange of nutrients happen, and this will deliver the blood to the kidney.
Glomerulus (capillaries)
42
This will transport the reabsorbed substances to the peritubular capillary / vasa recta back to the heart
Efferent arteriole
43
Enumeration:
Urine is produced by three (3) processes:
1. Filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
44
Location where filtration happens:
Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
45
Substances that cannot pass through glomerulus (blood cells and big proteins) will be transported to vasa recta (effector arteriole) for ____________.
A.) Reabsorption
B.) Filtration
Reabsorption
46
Filtered substances is called as?
Filtrate
47
This is a portion of plasma entering the nephron
Filtrate
48
Location of tubular reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Renal cortex
49
Permeability of tubular reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Water and solutes
50
Reabsorption rate in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT):
65%
51
Fill in the blanks:
How reabsorption takes place in PCT?
As solutes molecules are transported out of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via 1.)________ and 2.)_______ into the 3.)________, water moves by 4.)_________ in the same direction. All of the reabsorbed substances go to the 5.)____________.
1. Active transport
2. Co-transport
3. interstitial fluid
4. osmosis
5. Peritubular capillaries
52
Location of tubular reabsorption in descending loop?
Renal medulla
53
Permeability of tubular reabsorption in descending loop?
High to water ; Slightly/semi to solutes
54
Fill in the blanks:
How reabsorption takes place in descending loop?
As the 1.)__________ passes through the descending limb into the 2.)__________, water moves out of the nephron by 3.)________, while some solutes moves into the nephron by 4.)____________. Now, this filtrate is very 5.)___________.
1. Filtrate
2. Medulla
3. Osmosis
4. Diffusion
5. Concentrated / Salty
55
Location of tubular secretion in ascending loop?
Renal medulla
56
Permeability of tubular reabsorption in ascending loop?
High to solutes ; NOT permeable to water
57
Fill in the blanks:
How reabsorption takes place in ascending loop?
1.)_________ diffuses out of the nephron. This makes the filtrate to be 2.)_________.
1. Solutes
2. Diluted
58
Reabsorption rate in the entire nephron loop?
15%
59
Location of tubular reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?
Renal Medulla and Renal Calyces
60
Permeability of tubular reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?
Water and solutes
61
Fill in the blanks:
How reabsorption takes place in distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?
As the filtrate enters the DCT, it is more 1.)_________ than the interstitial fluid of the renal cortex. It further 2.)________ the water and solutes remaining.
1.) diluted
2.) removes
62
Reabsorption rate in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?
19%
63
Percentage of urine formed that will be collected by the renal calyces?
1%
64
This is the active transport of solutes across the nephron walls into the filtrate.
Tubular secretion
65
Fill in the blanks:
Tubular Secretion is useful for:
- Disposing of substances, such as certain 1.)_________ and metabolites that are tightly bound to plasma proteins.
- Eliminating undesirable substances or 2.)_________ that have been reabsorbed by passive processes.
- Ridding the body of excess 3.)__________.
- Controlling the 4.)________.
1. drugs
2. end products
3. potassium ions
4. blood pH
66
What is the color of urine?
Clear pale to deep yellow (amber)
67
What is the odor of urine?
Aromatic
68
pH level of urine?
6.0
69
Specific gravity of urine?
1.001 - 1.035
70
Enumerate the 4 chemical compositions of urine:
1. Urea
2. Uric acid
3. Creatinine
4. Sodium, Phosphate, and ammonia
71
Fill in the blanks:
Water reabsorption is 1.)________ if the blood-solute concentration is high. Therefore, the urine output will be 2.)________.
1.) High
2.) Scant
72
Fill in the blanks:
Water reabsorption is low if the blood-solute concentration is 1.)___________. Therefore, the urine output will be 2.)___________.
1.) Low
2.) Excessive
73
Fill in the blanks:
Water reabsorption is high if the blood volume and pressure is 1.)__________. Therefore, the urine output will be 2.)___________.
1.) Low
2.) Scant
74
Fill in the blanks:
Water reabsorption is 1.)_____________ if the blood volume and pressure is high. Therefore, the urine output will be 2.)_________.
1.) Low
2.) Excessive
75
Multiple Choice:
Rationale: To increase blood volume, water inside the body must be ________.
A.) Distributed
B.) Conserved
B.) Conserved
76
The three major hormonal mechanisms for regulating the urine concentration and volume:
1.) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) Mechanism
2.) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Mechanism
3.) Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) Mechanism
77
What are the two hormonal mechanisms for regulating the urine concentration and volume that are more sensitive to changes in blood pressure?
RAA and ANH
78
This hormonal mechanism for regulating urine concentration and volume is more sensitive to changes in blood concentration.
ADH
79
Fill in the blanks:
When a person gets hypotensive/low blood pressure, this stimulates the secretion of 1.)_________ from the kidney. This will then stimulate the release of 2.)__________, and will be converted to Angiotensin I and then to Angiotensin II. Finally, this will stimulate the release of 3.)_____________ from the adrenal cortex.
1.) Renin
2.) Angiotensinogen
3.) Aldosterone
80
High levels of aldosterone equals high levels of water reabsorption, and this increase of water reabsorption will?
A.) Decrease the BP of a person
B.) Increase the BP of a person
B.) Increase the BP of a person
81
This hormonal mechanism increases the permeability of the DCT and collecting duct, as a result, water reabsorption increases.
ADH Mechanism
82
What is the main role of ADH?
Increase Water Reabsorption
83
Low BSC means _____ ADH.
Low
84
High BSC means ______ ADH.
High
85
High BP/BV means ______ ADH.
Low
86
Low BP/BV means ______ ADH.
High
87
This hormone increases the excretion of sodium in the form of urine, which usually happens when a person get hypertensive (High BP)
ANH
88
High ANH means _______ Urine Output.
High
89
High BP/BV means _____ ANH
High
90
Low BP/BV means ______ ANH
Low
91
Goal of RAA Mechanism?
Increase BP
92
Goal of ADH Mechanism?
Increase BP and Decrease BSC
93
Goal of ANH Mechanism?
Decrease BP
94
These are divided into left and right and these are small tubes that carry urine from renal pelvis of the kidney to the posterior portion of the urinary bladder.
Ureters
95
What is the movement and direction of urine in the ureters?
Peristalsis
96
This is a hollow muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis.
Urinary bladder
97
This is the muscle that forms the wall of the urinary bladder.
Detrusor muscle
98
This organ is the storage of urine
Urinary bladder
99
These are the three openings in the urinary bladder.
Trigone
100
This is the tube that exits the urinary bladder inferiorly and anteriorly.
Urethra
101
This is located at the inferior part of the urinary bladder and it closes when semen is passing through the urethra.
Internal Urinary Sphincter (Involuntary)
102
This is located at the inferior part of the urethral orifice and is controlled by skeletal muscles.
External Urinary Sphincter (Voluntary)
103
Length of female urethra?
1 1/2 inches
104
Length of male urethra?
6-8 inches
105
This urethra is shorter, more exposed, making it prone to infection.
Female urethra
106
This is the act of voiding or urinating.
Micturition
107
Enumeration:
In the micturition reflex, 3 events must happen:
1. Detrusor muscle must contract
2. Internal urinary sphincter must open
3. External urinary sphincter must open
108
At what age does a person can override micturition reflex?
2-3 years old and above
109
Enumeration:
What are the 2 body fluid compartments?
1. Intracellular Fluid Compartment
2. Extracellular Fluid Compartment
110
This body fluid compartment contain high concentration of potassium ions, magnesium ions, phosphate, and sulfate
Intracellular Fluid Compartment
111
This body fluid compartment contain high concentration of sodium ions, calcium ions, and bicarbonate ions
Extracellular Fluid Compartment
112
What are the two mechanisms that helps in regulating the levels of ions in the extracellular fluid?
1. Thirst Regulation
2. Ion Concentration Regulation
113
What are the 4 ions that gets regulated in the Ion Concentration Regulation?
1. Sodium Ions
2. Potassium Ions
3. Calcium Ions
4. Phosphate and Sulfate Ions
114
This is the center for thirst.
Hypothalamus
115
In pathology, kidney stone is also known as?
Nephrolith
116
In pathology, this is the excessive accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis due to obstruction of a ureter
Hydronephrosis
117
In pathology, this is the inability to expel urine.
Urinary Retention
118
In pathology, this is the hardening of kidney tissue.
Nephrosclerosis
119
In pathology, this is the inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney.
Pyelonephritis
