Reproductive System Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 functions of the Reproductive System?
A
- Production of Gametes
- Fertilization
- Development and Nourishment of a New Individual
- Reproduction of Reproductive Hormone
2
Q
This is the process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
A
Meiosis
3
Q
This is the cell division for somatic cells (diploid cells).
A
Mitosis
4
Q
This is the cell division for sex cells (gametes; haploid cells).
A
Meiosis
5
Q
This reproductive system consist of testes, series of ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra), accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland), supporting structures (scrotum and penis).
A
Male Reproductive System
6
Q
What are the 4 ducts in the male reproductive system?
A
- Epididymis
- Vas deferens
- Urethra
- Ejaculatory duct
7
Q
What are the 3 accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
A
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral gland
8
Q
What are the two supporting structures of the male reproductive system?
A
- Scrotum
- Penis
9
Q
These are sac-like structures that contains the testes
A
Scrotum
10
Q
What type of tissue does the scrotum have?
A
Loose connective tissue
11
Q
Scrotum is divided into left and right by?
A
Septum
12
Q
What is the term for the layer of smooth muscle of the scrotum that contracts when the environment is cold?
A
Dartos muscle
13
Q
Other term for the septum of the scrotum?
A
Raphe
14
Q
These are the male gonads
A
Testes
15
Q
Size of testes?
A
4-5 cm
16
Q
These are oval organs within each scrotum
A
Testes (Testis, singular)
17
Q
This is responsible for making sperm and are also involved in producing a hormone called testosterone.
A
Testes
18
Q
What hormone does the testes produce?
A
Testosterone
19
Q
Also known as the sperm cells.
A
Spermatozoa
20
Q
This is the site of sperm development.
A
Seminiferous tubules
21
Q
These are interstitial cells that secrete testosterone
A
Leydig cells
22
Q
This is the formation of sperm cells and occur in the seminiferous tubules.
A
Spermatogenesis
23
Q
What are the 2 types of cells that the seminiferous tubules contain?
A
- Germ cell - sperm cells
- Sustentacular cells (Sertoli)
24
Q
This is a cell from the seminiferous tubules that nourish germ cells and produce hormones.
A
Sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells
25
This is a coiled tube located in the posterior side of the testis and is divided into head, body, and tail.
Epididymis
26
This duct store sperm cell for maturation and transport it to vas deferens.
Epididymis
27
Fill in the blank:
The rete of testis empties in the 1.)__________ to the epididymis.
efferent ductules
28
This is the physiological changes spermatozoa must undergo in order to have the ability to penetrate and fertilize an egg.
Capacitation
29
This duct is 45 cm long and emerges from the epididymis and becomes associated with the blood vessels and nerves to form spermatic cord.
Ductus deferens / Vas deferens
30
What does the spermatic cord consists of?
Hint: 4
1. Ductus deferens
2. Testicular artery and vein
3. Lymphatic vessels
4. Testicular nerve
31
Fill in the blanks:
The walls of the Vas deferens contain smooth muscle which contracts in 1.)_________ waves to propel sperm cells from epididymis to 2.)__________.
1. peristaltic
2. ampulla
32
This is the part of the Vas deferens that has the widest diameter.
Ampulla
33
This is located between the bladder fundus and the rectum
Seminal vesicle
34
This produces a fluid (alkaline) that makes up majority of semen.
Seminal vesicle
35
This duct enters through the prostate gland and transports spermatozoa and fluids from the ampulla and seminal vesicles to the prostatic urethra.
Ejaculatory duct
36
This duct extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis.
Urethra
37
This is the male organ of copulation as it transfer sperm cells from male to female
Penis
38
This is the loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis.
Prepuce (foreskin)
39
This is the surgical removal of the prepuce.
Circumcision
40
This gland surrounds the urethra and two ejaculatory ducts and this produces the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid)
Prostate gland
41
This contains 3 columns of erectile tissue
Penis
42
Bulbourethral gland is also known as?
Cowper’s Gland
43
This gland are mucus-secreting glands that are located near the base of the penis.
Bulbourethral gland
44
This gland produces a pre-ejaculate fluid that cleanses and lubricates the urethra prior to the arrival of the semen.
Bulbourethral gland
45
This is the mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands.
Semen
46
Normal volume of semen?
2-3 ml
47
How many sperm cells are in 1 ml of semen?
100 million sperm cells
48
What are the 4 locations that secretions of the male reproductive glands come from?
1. Seminal vesicle
2. Prostate gland
3. Testes
4. Bulbourethral gland
49
This is the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.
Seminal fluid
50
TRUE or FALSE:
Abnormal sperm morphology or abnormal sperm mobility will not be able to proceed into fertilization.
TRUE
51
Amount of secretions from seminal vesicle?
60%
52
Amount of secretions from the prostate gland?
30%
53
Amount of secretions from the testes?
5%
54
Amount of secretions from the bulbourethral gland?
5%
55
Fill in the blanks:
REGULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE SECRETION:
Hypothalamus will produce the 1.)__________ and will stimulate the anterior pituitary gland. This gland will now then produce 2 hormones, namely the 2.)___________ and the 3.)____________. The former hormone mentioned will bind to the interstitial cells, producing the hormone 4.)___________, while the latter hormone binds to the sustentacular cells to secrete the 5.)__________ which enhances the spermatogenic cells’ ability to bind to testosterone, stimulating the process of 6.)________.
1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
4. Testosterone
5. Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
6. Spermatogenesis
56
This protein enhances the spermatogenic cells’ ability to bind to testosterone, stimulating spermatogenesis.
Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
57
When does the puberty in males begin and end?
12-14 years old, largely completed by age 18
58
What are the 3 hormones that increases when a male is in puberty?
GnRH, LH, and FSH
59
This is the major male hormone that influences reproductive and non-reproductive organs.
Testosterone
60
This is the inability or reduced ability to produced offspring.
Infertility
61
What is the common cause of infertility in males?
Low sperm count (20 million sperm cells per ml)
62
This produces eggs for fertilization and they make the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovaries
63
What are the 2 hormones produced by the ovaries?
1. Estrogen
2. Progesterone
64
This extends from each ovary to the lateral body wall.
Suspensory ligament
65
This attaches ovary to the superior margin of the uterus
Ovarian ligament
66
This attaches ovaries to the uterine tubes.
Broad ligament
67
This is the formation of egg cells (oocyte).
Oogenesis
68
A mature oocyte is called?
Ovum / Ova / Egg
69
This is the release of an oocyte from the ovary
Ovulation
70
This is the penetration of the sperm cell to the cell membrane of the oocyte
Fertilization
71
In an ovary, this is where the ovarian follicles are contained.
Cortex
72
In an ovary, this is where the neurovascular structures are contained.
Medulla
73
Also known as fallopian tubes or oviducts, this extends from ovaries to the uterus.
Uterine tubes
74
This is the opening of each uterine tube
Fimbriae
75
Fill in the blank:
Fertilization occurs at the ____________ of the uterine tubes.
Ampulla
76
This is oriented in the pelvic cavity.
Uterus
77
The main function of this organ is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.
Uterus
78
This is the site of implantation.
Uterus
79
What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall from outer to inner?
1. Perimetrium
2. Myometrium
3. Endometrium
80
This outer serous layer formed from visceral peritoneum.
Perimetrium
81
This muscular layer consist of smooth muscle.
Myometrium
82
This layer consists of simple columnar epithelial cells, and its superficial part sloughs off during menstruation.
Endometrium
83
This is the female organ for copulation
Vagina
84
This allows menstrual flow and childbirth
Vagina
85
This extends from the uterus to the outside of the body.
Vagina
86
This is the vaginal opening that is made up of thin mucous membrane in young females.
Hymen
87
The external genitalia of females are also known as?
Vulva or pudendum
88
Vulva consists of what?
Vestibule
89
These are exocrine glands whose primary function is lactation through lactiferous ducts following pregnancy.
Mammary glands
90
Mammary glands are commonly known as?
Breasts
91
These are modified sweat glands.
Mammary glands
92
What age does the puberty in females occur?
11-13 years old, completed by age 16
93
This word is used to indicate the first menstruation of a female.
Menarche
94
What tissue is deposited into breasts and hips during the puberty of a female?
Adipose tissue
95
This is the monthly series of changes the body goes through to prepare for pregnancy.
Menstrual cycle
96
This is the 4 to 5-day period of mild hemorrhage during sloughing off of the part of endometrium.
Menses
97
This is the phase between the end of menses and ovulation.
Follicular / Proliferative Phase
98
What phase does the endometrium begins to regenerate?
Follicular / Proliferative phase
99
This is the phase after ovulation.
Secretory phase
100
What phase does the lining of the endometrium reaches its greatest degree of development?
Secretory phase
101
Enumerate the 4 series of changes that occurs in a single menstrual cycle:
1. Menstruation
2. Follicular / Proliferative Phase
3. Ovulation
4. Secretory Phase
102
This is the cessation of menstrual cycle.
Menopause
103
At what age does menopause happen in females?
40 to 50 years old.
104
This is the period of onset of irregular cycles to complete cessation.
Climacteric
105
Enumerate the 4 contraceptive methods for controlling a pregnancy:
1. Long acting reversible contraception
2. Permanent method of birth control
3. Hormonal Methods
4. Barrier methods
106
Enumerate the 3 causes of infertility in females:
1. Malfunction of uterine tubes
2. Reduced hormone secretion from pituitary gland or ovaries (LH and FSH)
3. Interruption of implantation.
