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CTO Post-Quiz 5 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of the kidney

A

(1) osmotic regulation: conserve body fluid and electrolytes; produce concentrated urine (2) remove metabolic waste: urea, creatitine (3) regulation of blood pressure (4) synthesis/modification of hormones

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2
Q

progression of urine flow from the kidney

A

renal papilla -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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3
Q

renal sinus

A

fat-filled deeper area behind the hilum

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4
Q

renal lobule

A

cortical structure w/ medullary ray in center and interlobular vessels along lateral border

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5
Q

medullary ray

A

cortical structure made of collecting ducts and straight tubules of the nephron

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6
Q

blood supply to glomeruli

A

interlobar arteries -> branch into arcuate -> interlobar arteries -> afferent arteries to glomeruli

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7
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

venous ends surrounding convoluted tubules drain into interlobular capillaries

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8
Q

vasa recta

A

venous ends drain into arcuate veins

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9
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of kidney

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10
Q

uriniferous tubule

A

nephron + its collecting tubule (connects to nephron to collecting duct)

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11
Q

Functions of nephron

A

(1) filtration: blood is filtered into renal tubule (2) tubular reabsorption: substances in renal tubule reclaimed back into blood (3) tubular secretion: substances not initially filtered are actively secreted into tubules

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12
Q

blood flow through the kidney

A

filtration by glomerular capillary tuft -> thick descending limb in loop of Henle -> u-turn in thin descending limb -> up through distal convoluted tubule to re-enter cortex -> collecting tubule -> collecting duct to enter minor calyx at renal papilla

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13
Q

Which is longer, distal or proximal convoluted tubule?

A

PCT is 3x longer

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14
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

space b/t parietal (simple squamous) and visceral layer (made of podocytes)

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15
Q

filtration barrier b/t blood and urinary spaces

A

filtration slit membrane = thin diaphragm spanning filtration slit b/t pedicels; has thick glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

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16
Q

podocytes

A

cells of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule whose primary and secondary processes form covering of glomerular capillary loops; primary process arises from cell body, secondary processes/pedicels arise from primary process, together encase capillaries of glomerulus to create filtration slits

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17
Q

glomerular mesangial cells

A

clean the GBM; has contractile ability to regulate glomerular blood flow

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18
Q

glomerular capillary endothelium

A

fenestrated, no pore diaphragms, small and + charged ions can pass through

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19
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules (epithelium and function)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium w/ apical brush border; function = resorption of water, salts, proteins, sugars, other constituents needed by body

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20
Q

Thin descending limb of Henle epithelium and function

A

epithelium = simple squamous w/ permeability to water and sodium; function = reaches equilibrium w/ surrounding interstitial fluid

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21
Q

ascending thin and thick limbs of Henle - permeable?

A

impermeable to water

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22
Q

How is a hyperosmotic concentrated renal medullary interstitium created?

A

ascending thick limb pumps NaCl to interstitium -> creates hyperosmotic concentrated renal medullary interstitium

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23
Q

What measures kidney function?

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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24
Q

PCT cell appearance

A

brush border (apical microvilli); red staining due to richness in mitochondria; basement membrane

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25
What part of the kidney tubule resorbs the most sodium and water back into blood?
PCT
26
How do you distinguish vasa recta from thin limbs?
vasa recta have visible red blood cells
27
Loop of Henle - main function
concentration of urine
28
Countercurrent multiplier mechanism
thick ascending limb pumps NaCl into interstitium but is impermeable to water -> high conc of solutes in medullary interstitium
29
countercurrent exchange mechanism
vasa recta capillaries follow and loop in parallel w/ LOH; solutes diffuse from outflowing -> inflowing capillaries ??? - interstitium needs to maintain high conc to create conc urine
30
what determines the concentration of urine?
whether the aquaporin channels in loop of Henle are closed or open (influenced by ADH)
31
antidiuresis - definition and mechanism
small volume, concentrated urine; epithelial cells of ascending loop of Henle pump NaCl out of tube --> interstitium, interstitium = hyperosmotic but fluid in the tube becomes hyposmotic
32
ADH mechanism
opens aquaporin channels in plasma membrane of collecting tubule and duct cells --> allows water to diffuse into interstitium from fluid in tubule
33
Water diuresis
large volume, dilute urine; diuretic state decreases osmolality of interstitium ???
34
where is the nephron impermeable to water?
ascending limb of LOH --> collecting duct
35
renal corpuscle
glomerulus + bowman's capsule
36
nephron
renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle and distal tubule
37
uriniferous tubule
nephron plus collecting tubule
38
medullary ray
collecting duct and straight tubules at center of cortical renal lobule
39
interlobular arteries
branches of arcuate artery; at lateral borders of renal lobule
40
vasa recta
capillaries in medulla that loop parallel to loop of Henle
41
renal pyramid
defines a lobe, contains collecting ducts, straight tubules and vasa recta
42
cortical labyrinth
renal corpuscles plus convoluted tubules in cortex
43
JG apparatus
macula densa, JG cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells
44
podocytes
visceral layer of Bowman's capsule encasing glomerular capillaries
45
renin
enzyme secreted by JG cells: convert angiotensin to angiotensin I
46
ascending thick limb and distal convoluted tubule morphology
similar morphology, simple cuboidal epithelium
47
differences b/t proximal tubule and distal convoluted tubule
distal tubular cells are smaller than those of proximal tubule - see more nuclei in cross-section; PCT has brush border and DCT does not; PCT cells are redder and taller
48
macula densa
where ascending thick limb comes into close contact w/ vascular pole of parent renal corpuscle
49
functions of distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
senses BP and triggers renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system, respond to aldosterone and resorb more sodium (and water) if aldosterone is in the blood; maintain acid/base balance by secreting hydrogen ions and ammonium ions
50
Parts of the JG apparatus (3)
(1) macula densa (2) JG cells (3) lacis cells
51
function of macula densa
part of JG apparatus; specialized area of DCT contacting mainly afferent and to lesser extent efferent arterioles; senses sodium conc of filtrate (low sodium levels indicate low BP); if BP is low macula densa signals to JG to release renin into blood
52
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
part of JG apparatus; modified SM cells of the afferent arteriole
53
lacis cells
part of JG apparatus; may transmit signal from macula densa to JG cells
54
angiotensin II
acts as a vasoconstrictor, triggers production of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
55
aldosterone
acts on DCT distal to macula dens and collecting tubules: enhances resorption of sodium into blood -> increases BV and elevates BP
56
collecting duct
receives many collecting tubules increases in size passing through cortex -> apex of renal pyramid
57
Ducts of Bellini
distal portion of collecting duct, drains into minor calyces at area cribrosa of renal papilla
58
collecting duct epithelium
transition from simple cuboidal to columnar as it gets bigger/more distal
59
two types of cells in collecting duct and functions
(1) principal: for water and sodium resorption (2) intercalated cells: involved with acid-base balance
60
urine flow in kidney
produced by kidney -> minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter for transport to bladder
61
urothelium
lines renal pelvis, ureter, bladder; transitional epithelium that changes w/ distension of viscus; supported by lamina propria and external SM layers; accordion-like folding and "pillow" cells at surface
62
male urethral epithelium (3 parts)
(1) prostatic = urothelium (2) membranous - stratified or pseudostratified columnar (3) spongy - pseudostratified columnar or columnar w/ areas of stratified squamous distally
63
female urethal epithelium
stratified squamous w/ areas of pseudostratified columnar

CTO Post-Quiz 5 (3 decks)

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