Urinary System

Question 1

What is a calyx?

Answer 1

Papillary ducts: receives urine from minor calyx and major calyx and then out the renal pelvis and then out the ureters

Question 2

Hilums- what are they?

Answer 2

In the cavity of the renal sinus which contains the

renal pelvis,
the calcyces and
branches of renal blood vessels
and nerves

Blood supply starts in the hilum in the renal artery off the abdominal aorta

Question 3

How much urine is excreted per day?

Answer 3

700-800 mls (1-2 litres a day)

Question 4

Which levels in the spinal cord use the micturition reflex?

Answer 4

S2 and S3

Question 5

What is the detruser mm
What are the layers?

Answer 5

The muscle in the muscular is of the bladder is called the DETRUSOR muscle and is made of
3 layers
Inner longitudinal,
middle circular and
outer longitudinal

Question 6

What is the micturition reflex?

Answer 6

Peeing

Question 7

In the detrusor- the middle circular smooth muscle fibers form an ……. And a …..? What controls these?

Answer 7

Internal urethral sphincter
Controlled by the autonomic nervous system and under
InVoluntary control
And

Skeletal muscles form an
External urethral sphincter- under voluntary control
Internal sphincter is relaxed when peeing

Question 8

Blood supply of kidneys from abdominal aorta to kidney

Answer 8

1. Renal artery off the abdominal aorta into the hilum
2. Segmental arteries
3. Interlobar
4. Arcuate
5. Cortical radiate
6. Affererent arterioles
7. Glomerular capillaries
8. Efferent arterioles

Question 9

What organ is not involved in the RAAS system?

Answer 9

Spleen

Question 10

Which hormone increases GFR?

Answer 10

ANP

Question 11

Filtrate passes though a nephron in this order?

Answer 11

PCT
Descending limb
Ascending limb
DCT
Collecting duct

Question 12

Which hormone increases the permeability by increasing expression in the principle cells of the DCT?

Answer 12

ADH (aquaporins)

Question 13

Hat is not secreted in the filtrate at the PCT?

Answer 13

Glucose

Question 14

What is primary active transport?

Answer 14

Sodium - Potassium pump
(sodium one way- potassium the other)

Question 15

What are symporters

Answer 15

Transports in the same direction

Question 16

What are antiporters?

Answer 16

Can trade one thing for another

Question 17

Which type of transport uses a symporter and antiporter?

Answer 17

Secondary

Question 18

What does the pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 18

Hormones- antidiuretic hormone

Question 19

Transport mechanisms
(use sodium/potassium pump and ATP)

Obligatory water reabsorption (homeostasis)
vs
facultative water reabsorption
( the body working to make this happen)
What are both of these mechanisms?

Answer 19

Obligatory water reabsorption
Water that follows solutes, it is obliged to follow, in PCT and descending loop of henle

Facultative water reabsorption
The last 10% of water respiration
Regulated by ADH and aldosterone on principal cells in the collecting ducts

Question 20

What are all the water numbers for reabsorption that Alex drew on the board? (And in slides)?

Answer 20

65% - PCT
15% descending loop
20% - DCT

65% most reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule
( the PCT is the most salty area of the Nephron)

Question 21

What is secreted in distal convoluted tubules?

Answer 21

Potassium
Hydrogen

Question 22

What are examples of diuretics?

Answer 22

Caffeine
and
alcohol

Question 23

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 23

1. Excretion of water
2. Regulation of blood ions
3. Regulation of blood ions
4. Regulation of blood volume
5. Regulation of blood pressure
6. Maintenance of blood osmolarity

Question 24

Functions of urinary system
What does “excretion of wastes” mean?

Answer 24

Mostly nitrogenous wastes like
ammonia
Creatinine
Uric acid
Urobilin

Question 25

Functions of the urinary system What does “regulation of blood ions” mean?

Answer 25

Mostly sodium Potassium Calcium Chloride And Phosphates By adjusting what stays in the blood and what is secreted in the urine

Question 26

Urinary system What does “regulation of blood PH” mean?

Answer 26

By excreting hydrogen ions or conserving bicarbonate ions an important buffer in the blood for H+

Question 27

Functions of the urinary system “Regulation of blood volume”

Answer 27

By conserving or secreting less or more water Increases the blood volume Increase blood pressure and vice versa

Question 28

Urinary system “Regulation of blood pressure” Meaning

Answer 28

Secretes enzyme RENIN Activates the RAAS Increases blood pressure

Question 29

Functions of urinary system “Maintenance of blood osmolarity” Meaning?

Answer 29

Number of dissolved particles per L of solution

Question 30

What volume can the urinary bladder hold?

Answer 30

700-800 ml (1-2 litres a day) excreted 200-400 ml pressure on the walls of the bladder- nerve impulse to brain

Question 31

When is incontinence normal and not?

Answer 31

A lack of voluntary control of micturition Normal in infants up to 2-3 years old Because the muscles are not fully developed yet

Question 32

Trace the flow of urine/filtrate through kidney in order….

Answer 32

Nephron Collecting duct Papillary duct Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

Question 33

What are the 2 types of nephrons? And which ones dip further into the medulla?

Answer 33

**Juxtramedullary nephron** - 15-20% of all nephrons, located deep in the cortex close to the medulla LONG loops of Henle **Cortical Nephron** - 80-85% of all nephrons Located on the outer portion of the cortex SHORT loops of henle that dip into the medulla just slightly Only have a thick segment

Question 34

What are the Renal Corpuscle made of?

Answer 34

**Glomerulus** - glomerular capillaries, where filtration takes place **Glomerular capsule or bowman’s capsule** - surrounds the glomerular capillaries

Question 35

What types of cells are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? What is their functions? Where are they located?

Answer 35

**macula dense cells** Specialized cells int he ascending loop of henle **juxtaglomerular cells** Modified smooth muscle fibers that are specialized cells in the wall of the afferent arterioles - They secrete **RENIN**