Term 2 Midterm A&P Flashcards
1
Q
Which one of the following hormones increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidney?
1. Angiotensin 2
2. Aldosterone
3. Atrial naturetic peptide
A
- Aldosterone only
2
Q
What tubule drains into the papillary duct?
A
The collecting duct
3
Q
The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the
A
Renal columns
4
Q
*What is the correct route of a cardiac action potential- in order?
A
AV node
SA node
AV bundle
R & L bundle branches
Punkinje fibers
5
Q
*What is the order of lymph fluid flow?
A
From
Blood capillaries into
Interstitial spaces into
Lymphatic capillaries Into
lymphatic vessels into
Lymph nodes into
Lymph trunks
6
Q
These are all functions of the red pulp in the spleen EXCEPT
1) B and T cells carry out immune functions
2) removal of worn out blood cells and platelets
3) storage of platelets
4) production of blood cells during fetal life
A
3) storage of platelets
7
Q
Name 4 substances that are a part of the first line of defence in our INNATE immune system?
A
Mucous
Lysozome
Fatty acids
Gastric juice
8
Q
*The process of phagocytosis involves 5 steps, what are they in the correct order?
A
CAIDD
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Digestion
Death
9
Q
What do antigen presenting cells do?
A
Engulf and destroy a foreign invader
Display the foreign invaders “flag” on its own membrane
Meets up with the Helper T cell that then differentiates into a cytotoxic T cell
Combines the cell mediated and the antibody mediated immune systems
10
Q
What cells specialize into plasma cells?
A
Activated B cells
11
Q
This is the most common immunoglobulin and it can also cross the placenta?
A
IgG
12
Q
This immunoglobulin is involved with allergic reactions?
A
IgE
13
Q
What does the thoracic duct drain?
A
Drains lymph from both lower limbs, abdomen, left upper limb, left side of face and neck
14
Q
What type of antibody is produced first during the adaptive immune response ?
A
IgM
15
Q
Which muscle contracts during forced exhalation?
A
internal
intercostals
abdominals
16
Q
Name the structures that air passes through during inhalation, in the proper order?
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
17
Q
What is the role of type 1 alveolar cells?
A
They are the main sites of gas exchange
18
Q
What is the role of type 2 alveolar cells?
A
They secrete surfactant
19
Q
What is surfactant in alveolar cells and what role does it play?
A
It is a secretory product composed of lipids and proteins
It is essential for efficient exchange of gases and for maintaining the structural integrity of alveoli
20
Q
During internal respiration:
1. Gases are exchanged between blood and tissues
2. Gases are exchanged between blood and the alveoli
3. Gases are exchanged across mitochondrial membrane
4. Gas flows in and out of the lungs
A
- Gases are exchanged between blood and tissues
21
Q
What happens during external respiration?
A
Gases are exchanged between blood and alveoli
22
Q
What is the correct order of blood flow through the kidneys?
A
Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
23
Q
What is the correct order of filtrate flow?
A
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Collecting duct
24
Q
Components of the renal corpuscle (where filtration occurs) include the…
A
Glomerulus
And
Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
25
What does Renin do?
Converts
angiotensinogen
to
Angiotensin 1
## Footnote
Renin is an enzyme that helps control your blood pressure and maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium in your body. Made by special cells in your kidneys, renin is released into your bloodstream when your blood pressure drops too low.
26
What is Angiotensin 2, and what is its role?
A hormone released by the
posterior pituitary
that acts to
increase water **reabsorption
through the aquaporin channels in the
distal convoluted tubule
and
collecting duct**
27
What is Aldosterone, and what does it do?
A steroid hormone
that acts in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Causing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
28
What is Angiotensin 2, and what is its role?
A potent vasoconstrictor
that reduces glomerular filtration and increases sodium uptake
by
increasing sodium/hydrogen antiporter activity
## Footnote
Angiotensin II (Ang II) raises blood pressure (BP) by a number of actions, the most important ones being vasoconstriction, sympathetic nervous stimulation, increased aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions.
29
What are the heart wall layers?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
30
What is the epicardium?
The **external** layer of the heart wall
Has two layers
The **outermost layer :
the visceral layer of the serious pericardium**
The **inner layer :
containing adipose tissue, blood vessels and lymphatics**
31
What is the myocardium?
Middle layer of the heart walls
It is the muscle layer
involuntarily controlled
32
What is the endocardium?
Inner layer of the heart walls
A thin layer of endometrium overlaying a thin layer of connective tissues
Smooth lining into the
chambers of the heart
and the
vessels leaving the heart
33
Where does external respiration take place?
Alveoli
34
Where does internal respiration take place?
The body
35
What center in the brain is responsible for monitoring respiration?
Medulla
Pons
36
Which muscles are involved in normal (quiet breathing)?
External intercostals
and
Diaphragm
37
What is Boyles law?
Pressure inside container and volume of container- inversely proportional
38
Which muscles are involved in forced/laboured inhalation?
Posterior
Anterior
Middle scalenes
Pec major
SCM
39
% of oxygen is carried in blood hemoglobin?
98.5%
40
What is Dalton’s law?
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sums of the partial pressures of the individual component gases
41
Henrys law?
At the amount of gas that is dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid when the temp is kept consistent
Carbonated soft drink - before the can is opened, the gas above the drink is almost pure carbon dioxide at a pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure.
The drink itself contains dissolved carbon dioxide
42
Cardio plateau vs reg
Main difference between a normal and cardiac action potential?
Cardiac action potential has a plateau (depolarization)
It stimulates Na+ channels to open- Na+ rushes into the cell, it becomes less negative and causes a rapid depolerization
43
What is after load?
The pressure that must be exceeded for blood to be ejected from the ventricles, for blood to flow out of the left ventricle the pressure in the ventricle must exceed the pressure in the aorta
44
What is the first artery that comes off the aorta?
Brachiocephalic trunk/artery
45
Spleen- red pulp-blood- what happens here?
blood filled venous sinuses full of red blood cells, macrophages,
lymphocytes,
plasma cells
and
granulocytes.
Death of blood cells occurs here especially RBC’s, macrophages phagocytize the debris. Storage of platelets occurs here. Blood cells are produced here only during fetal life.
46
Spleen- white pulp- what happens here?
lymphatic tissue with lymphocytes
(B and T cells)
that carry out immune functions
and macrophages that destroy pathogens with phagocytosis.
47
What are lysozymes?
Part of innate immunity
First line of defence
Present in many mucosal secretions
(tears, saliva and mucus)
48
Cytokines- what are they?
What are examples?
Small protein hormones that inhibit or stimulate many normal cell functions, many different cells secrete cytokines with many differing effects.
Ex-
Interleukins
Tumour necrosis factor
Interferons
Macrophages migration inhibiting factor
49
3 kinds of antigen presenting cells?
Macrophages (phagocytes)
Dendritic cells (phagocytes and antigen presenting cells to T cells)
B cells (antibody-mediated adaptive immune system) produce plasma (antibodies)
50
51
what is the ductus Artriosus?
in a fetus,
shunts blood from
pulmonary trunk directly to the
aorta,
bypassing the lungs
52
what is the fossa ovalis?
remnent of the foramen ovale in the fetus
this hole closes at birth
53
how is a cardiac action potential different from a regular action potential?
cardiac action potentials, specifically those of the pacemaker cells,
possess automaticity.
has a plateau
54
what is a baroreceptor and where are they found?
they are a type of
mechanoreceptor
located in the
carotid artery and in the
aortic arch
they sense blood pressure changes by detecting the stretch or tension in the arterial wall
55
what are chemoreceptors, and where are they found?
send input on chemical changes in the blood
oxygen
carbon dioxcide
or glucose
found near the
**carotid artery** and the arch of the **aorta**
56
what are proprioceptors
send input even before exercise begins
to prepare
causes quick rise in heart rate before exercise begins to stock up on oxygen
57
what does the middle layer of the detrusor muscle form?
the internal/intrinsic urethral sphincter
58
what is the path of urine drainage, after it leaves the nephron from the collecting ducts, before it reaches the ureters?
into the
papillary duct
minor calyces
major calyces
59
the blood supply of the kidney begins at the renal artery and contines to the glomerulus by this route...
segmental arteries
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arteriole
60
what type of nephron dips down into the medullary region of a kidney?
juxtamedullary nephrons
61
the renal corpuscle consists of ...
the
glomerulus
glomerular (bowmans) capsule
62
we have two specialized receptors cells close to the afferent arterioles, what are they?
macula densa and
juxtaglomerular cells
63
the THICK portion of the ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water? T/F?
true
64
what are the 2 mechanisms our kidneys use to regulate the glomerular filtration rate?
TEST - CLASS GOT BOTH ANSWERS RIGHT IF PICKED
1- by adjusting blood volume and blood pressure
2. by adjusting blood flow and glomerular capillary surface area (this was the most right)
65
what are the 3 layers that make up the glomerular filtration membrane?
fenestrations
basement membranes
podocytes
66
what is a podocyte?
specialized filtration cells with slits called pedicels
67
we have 3 pressures that affect the GFR, which ones oppose filtration?
capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure
68
what 2 mechanisms allow kidney to regulate itself without outside influence?
myogenic mechanism
and
macula densa feedback
69
in the renin-angiotensin system, hormones and reactions occur that involve three organ systems- what are they?
liver
kidney
lungs
70
what hormone causes vasoconstriction and increases the permeability of
principal cells with aquaporins
in the
distal convoluted tubule?
antidiuretic hormone
71
in tubular reabsorption we have 2 ways of transport, which one uses symporters and antiporters?
secondary active transport
72
what is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?
K+
H+
73
where is urea recycled?
collecting ducts
74
what is osmolarity a measure of?
how many solutes are in the filtrate
75
when the kidneys are diseased, urea builds up in the blood stream, this is called?
uremia
76
What is repolerization?
K+ continues to leave the cell, restoring the negative resting membrane potential
77
ausculation
listening to the heart sounds "lubb dubb"
78
proprioceptors
send input before activity begins to help prepare and stock up in oxygen
79
chemoreceptors
located in the aorta and carotid artery, send input regarding oxygen and carbon dioxcide blood levels
80
baroreceptors
located in the carotid artery and aortic arch
send input regarding stretch of major arteries and vein walls which indicates an increase in pressures
81
what are the first major arteries off the aorta
Left coronary artery
right coronary artery
82
what is LAC RPM
first two major arteries off the aorta
Left
anterior interventicular
circumflex
right
posterior
marginal
83
electrocardiogram or ECG "pqrst"
MEASURES THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART
SHOWS A PROBLEM WITH THE CARDIAC CONDUCTION PATHWAY
84
p wave
atrial depolerization (atria contract AKA systole)
85
PQ interval
atrial kick fills the ventricles
86
ST segment
ventricle empties and relaxes
86
QRS complex
ventricle depolarization (ventricle contracts) the atria repolarize (relaxes)
86
T wave
repolerization of the ventricles (they relax)
87
S1
first sound is the "lubb" louder and longer, closing of the AV valves
88
S2
second sound is the "dubb"
closing of the semilunar valves
89
rule 1
high pressure or high concentration to a region of lower pressures or lower concentrations
90
wht muscles are invloved in quiet normal breathing?
diaphragm ,external intercostals
91
pitch- voice- if high it means?
tension in vocal cords is tight or taut- and they are vibrating at a higher pitch
92
whats the difference between the conducting zone and respiratory zone?
conducting zone- bringing air into the lungs
respiratory zone- main site of gas exchange
93
airway pathway- in order
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary-segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveloar sacs
alveoli
94
what is in the upper respiratory tract?
nose(external)
nose (internal)
pharynx (throat)
(nasopharynx- oropharynx- laryngopharynx)
95
where does the upper respiratory tract stop?
pharynx
96
what is in the lower respiratory tract?
larynx
epiglottis
trachea
lungs
carina
bronchi
bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveoli
alveolar- capillary membrane or "rspiratoy membrane" where gas exchange takes place with type 1 alveolar cells
97
what do alveolar cells do?
type 1- perform gas exchange on the respiratory membrane
type 2- secrete surfactant
98
what does surfactant do?
maintains surface tension and prevents collapse- elasticizes- makes it so the alveoli doesnt get too big or too small
99
how is oxygen transported in the blood?
what molecule do you have?
hemoglobin-
4 oxygen molecules hang onto 1 hemoglobin
100
how many iron molecules are attached to hemoglobin?
4
101
what kind of muscles are in the ventricles?
myocardium
102
what are the coronary arteries?
LAC RPM
left
Anterior interventricular
circumflex
right posterior interventricular
MARGINAL
103
what is the first branch off of the aorta?
brachialcephalous
104
what are the valves of theheart?
tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve
mitral/bicuspid valve
aortic valve
105
what is autonomic regulation of the heart and what does it mean for fibers to be autorhythmic?
changes in the arterial pressure and blood gas levels reflexively modulates the activity of the relevant visceral motor pathways
106
what are the other 2 ways to say contraction?
systole
depolarization
107
what is the PQRST complex of the heart?
The P wave - indicates atrial depolarization.
The QRS is responsible for ventricular depolarization and the
T wave is ventricular repolarization.
If a P wave is absent there is a lack of atrial depolarization.
108
what comes first? terminal bronchioles or respiratory bronchioles?
terminal
109
what are proprioceptors and where are they found?
have an effect on the heart they are EVERYWHERE
if you stand up fast- you dont pass out
ALL CONTRIBUTE TO MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS- RATE AND RHYTHM
110
how do baroreceptors and chemoreceptors affect the heart?
baro-pressure chemo- chemicals
pressure and chemicals-
if there is a change in carbon dioxide or a pressure change it is going to tell you heart to beat faster
found in carotid and aorta
