Urinary system

Question 1

Location of kidneys

Answer 1

lower thoracic and upper lumbar region
behind mesentery

Question 2

Paranephric fat

Answer 2

located external to the renal fascia- the extraperitoneal fat of the lumbar region most obvious posterior to the kidney

Question 3

Renal fascia

Answer 3

a membranous layer that encloses the kidneys, suprarenal glands, and perinephric fat, sends collagen bundles thru the connective tissue

Question 4

Perinephric fat

Answer 4

surround the kidneys and their vessels
completely encases the kidneys

Question 5

Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands)

Answer 5

Positioned between the diaphragm and superomedial aspects of kidneys
enclosed by renal fascia
right gland- contact the liver and IVC
Left gland-contacts the stomach, spleen, and pancreas

Question 6

Hilum of kidney

Answer 6

the concave surface of the kidney where vessels and nerves enter and exit
renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, and ureter

Question 7

Medulla of kidney

Answer 7

consists of 6+ renal pyramids which contain urine-collecting tubules
process filtrate, concentrate, and excretion

Question 8

Cortex

Answer 8

composed of nephrons responsible of urine production thru filtration, resorption, and secretion

Question 9

Where do the minor and major calices and renal pelvis drain?

Answer 9

ureters

Question 10

Renal arteries

Answer 10

arise at the IV disk level between L1 and L2
located posterior to the renal veins

Question 11

Renal veins

Answer 11

the longer left renal vein passes anterior to the aorta
drains into the IVC

Question 12

How much blood filters thru the kidneys each minute?

Answer 12

1 liter

Question 13

Nephrons

Answer 13

2 parts
corpuscles- site of filtration
tubules-responsible for resorption and secretion

Question 14

Cortical nephron

Answer 14

has a short nephron loop and glomerulus further from the corticomedullary junction
efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries

Question 15

Juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 15

Has a long nephron loop and glomerulus closer to the corticomedullary junction
efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta

Question 16

Urine excretion

Answer 16

urine leaves the collecting system
enters the renal pelvis
the remainder of the urinary system transports, stores, and eliminates urine

Question 17

Ureters

Answer 17

oblique entry into the bladder prevents the backflow of urine as any increase in pressure within the bladder compresses its wall and closes the distal ureters

Question 18

The ureters are normally constricted in 3 places

Answer 18

at the junction with the renal pelvis
site of crossing the pelvic brim
passage thru the bladder wall

Question 19

What muscle is in the bladder wall

Answer 19

detrusor
3 layers of smooth muscle

Question 20

Location of urinary bladder

Answer 20

retroperitoneal, enveloped by loose connective tissue, superior surface covered by peritoneum

Question 21

Parts of bladder

Answer 21

apex-anterior end
fundus
body-lies between the apex and fundus
neck

Question 22

Bladder function

Answer 22

stores and expels urine

Question 23

Urethra

Answer 23

a thin-walled tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body

Question 24

Female urethra

Answer 24

3-4 cm in length
Passes from the internal urethral orifice of the bladder to the external urethral orifice in the vestibule of the vagina
musculature surrounding the internal urethral orifice not organized into an internal sphincter

Question 25

Trigone (female urethra)

Answer 25

smooth triangular region defined by the ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice

Question 26

Male urethra

Answer 26

18-22 cm in lenth
Divided into 4 parts:
intramural (preprostatic)
prostatic urethra
intermediate (membranous) urethra
spongy (penile) urethra

Question 27

Intramural (preprostatic)

Answer 27

surrounded by an internal urethral sphincter composed of sympathetically innervated smooth muscle

Question 28

Prostatic urethra

Answer 28

Passes thru the prostate gland

Question 29

Intermediate (membranous) urethra

Answer 29

surrounded by the somatically innervated external urethral sphincter

Question 30

Spongy (penile) urethra

Answer 30

passes thru the length of the penis

Question 31

UTIs

Answer 31

women are 30x more likely to get UTIs than men
1. length of the urethra
2. placement of the urethra
3. sexual contact
4. the skin of the perineum in women
5. other factors like contraception

Question 32

Effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the urinary tract

Answer 32

vasoconstriction of renal vessels slows urine formation
internal sphincter of bladder contracted to maintain urinary continence

Question 33

Effects of parasympathetic nervous system on the urinary tract

Answer 33

inhibits contraction of internal sphincter of bladder
contracts detrusor muscle of bladder wall, cause urination

Question 34

Innervation of the kidneys and ureters

Answer 34

nerves to the kidneys and ureters arise from the renal nerve plexus and consist of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers

Question 35

How is the renal plexus supplied?

Answer 35

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 36

Pyelonephritis

Answer 36

an infection of the kidneys that has spread from the renal pelvis and calyces to the entirety of the kidney

Question 37

Renal transplant

Answer 37

Site for the transplanted kidney is the iliac fossa of the greater pelvis, where it is firmly supported and short lengths of renal vessels and ureters are required to

Question 38

Renal and ureteric calculi

Answer 38

excessive distension of the ureter due to a renal calculus (kidney stone) cause severe intermittent pain (ureteric colic)