Urinary System

Question 1

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 1

nephron

Question 2

what makes up the nephron?

Answer 2

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, thick and thin ascending and descending limbs, and distal convoluted tubule

Question 3

juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 3

found at the junction of the cortex and medulla

Question 4

differentiate: filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Answer 4

filtration: passed through corpuscle
reabsorption: reabsorbed back into blood
secreted: actively secreted into nephron after not being filtered

Question 5

describe renal blood supply

Answer 5

interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - interlobular arteries - afferent arterioles

Question 6

renal lobule

Answer 6

cortical structure with medullary ray at the center and all the uriniferous tubules draining into it

Question 7

what is a glomerulus and what is it comprised of

Answer 7

it is the afferent arterioles in a renal corpuscle

Question 8

describe the embryonic development of a renal corpuscle

Answer 8

the glomerulus grows into a bowman capsule and creates a visceral and parietal layer

Question 9

what are the cells found on the visceral layer of bowmans capsule? what do they do?

Answer 9

podocytes- have filtration slits (with diaphragm) between pedicels

Question 10

what cell type is the outer layer of bowmans capsule?

Answer 10

simple squamous

Question 11

what is the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 11

simple cuboidal with microvilli

Question 12

mesangial cells

Answer 12

keep renal capsule clean

Question 13

normal excretion/filtration values for kidneys

Answer 13

excrete- 1.5 L filter- 180 L

Question 14

at what point does the LOH enter the medulla?

Answer 14

thin loop

Question 15

describe the cell make up of the thin descending LOH

Answer 15

simple squamous.

Question 16

what is the ThinDLOH permeable to? how is the thinALOH different?

Answer 16

water and salt. ALOH is impermeable to water

Question 17

what does the counter current multiplier do?

Answer 17

it creates a hyoposmotic filtrate via the differing permeabilities of the LOH

Question 18

what does the counter current exchange do?

Answer 18

it allows blood to remain iso osmotic by having the vasa recta run adjacent to the LOH

Question 19

what does ADH act on and where?

Answer 19

aquaporin channels in the collecting ducts and tubules

Question 20

what is the cell type found in the thickALOH and the collecting tube. compare to the proximal tubule

Answer 20

simple cuboidal but w/o microvilli and slightly smaller than proximal counterparts

Question 21

what is the macula densa?

Answer 21

a specialized part of the distal tubule where the tubule comes in close contact with the afferent and efferent vessles of its parent renal capsule

Question 22

describe the course taken by filtrate after the DCT

Answer 22

collecting tubule - collecting duct - duct of bellini - minor calyces

Question 23

what are the 2 cell types found in collecting ducts?

Answer 23

principle: water and sodium reabsorption.
intercalated: acid/base balance

Question 24

what is the cell type in distal collecting ducts?

Answer 24

simple columnar

Question 25

what are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 25

macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells (renin producing), lacis cells

Question 26

what does aldosterone do

Answer 26

acts on DCT and collecting ducts to reabsorb salts, which bring water

Question 27

what is the cell structure of minor, major calyces, renal pelvis and ureter?

Answer 27

uroepithelium

Question 28

describe the epithelium structure throughout the male urethra

Answer 28

prostatic- urothelium, membranous- pseudostratified or stratified columnar, spongy- pseudostratified columnar or columnar

Question 29

describe the epithelium structure throughout the female urethra

Answer 29

stratified squamous with areas of pseudostratified columnar