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Anatomy Test 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of urinary system

A
  • Kidneys: 2. Produce urine as a filtrate of blood
  • Ureters: 2. connects kidney to bladdar
  • Bladdar: storage for urine
  • Urethra: leads from bladdar and delivers urine to outside of body
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2
Q

Function of urinary system

A

conserve body fluid and electrolytes and remove waste

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3
Q

renal corpuscle

A

contains glomurulus (capillary bed) surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

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4
Q

Nephron

A

structural and functional unit of kidney. Includes renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, proximal straight tubule, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, distal straight tubule, distal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

Ultrafiltrate

A

filtered substance BEFORE modification. Fluid that passes through the filtration barrier to the urinary space.

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6
Q

Filtrate

A

filtered substance during modification

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7
Q

Urine

A

filtered substance after modification is complete. Can no longer be modified

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8
Q

Hilum

A

concave medial border where the nerves, vessels enter and exit

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9
Q

Ureter

A

expands at the hilum forming renal pelvis

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10
Q

Two sections of kidney

A

cortex and medulla

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11
Q

Medullary pyramids

A
  • 6-18 pyramids in medulla
  • tip of pyramid is renal papilla, points towards hilum
  • renal papilla perforated by openings of collecting ducts
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12
Q

calyces

A

Minor calyces: collecting ducts empty into these.

  • several minor calyces join together to form a major calyx
  • major calyces come together to form renal pelvis (expanded end of ureter). Urine flows from renal pelvis to ureter. All 3 lined with transitional epithelium
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13
Q

Cortical (renal) columns

A

portion of the cortex that separates the neighboring pyramids

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14
Q

cortical arch

A

cortex of base of each pyramid

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15
Q

renal lobe

A

each medullary pyramid, its arch and cortical sides

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16
Q

Medullary rays (cortical structure)

A

contain the collecting ducts extending from surface of cortex towards medulla

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17
Q

What’s in the cortex?

A

Renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal tubules, collecting ducts, perturular capillary plexus.

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18
Q

Medullary ray

A

In cortex, contains collecting ducts

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19
Q

Medulla/medullary pyramid

A
  • thick descending limb (of Henle’s loop)
  • thin limb
  • thick ascending limb
  • descending collecting ducts
  • vasa recta
20
Q

Blood flow in kidney:

A
  • enters via renal artery
  • branches to form segmental arteries
  • to interlobar arteries
  • to arcuate arteries
  • to interlobular arteries
  • to afferent arterioles
  • to capillaries of glomerulus
  • empties into efferent arteriole
21
Q

Interlobar arteries

A

run between pyramids

22
Q

interlobular arteries

A

run to the surface of the cortex

23
Q

arcuate arteries

A

run along the arch

24
Q

efferent arteriole

A

gives rise to either:

-pertubular capillary plexus or vasa recta

25
Q

Peritubular capillary plexus (PTCP)

A

a capillary bed that supplies the cortex

26
Q

vasa recta

A

a capillary bed that follows Henle’s loop in the medulla

27
Q

Portal system

A

capillary bed linked to another capillary bed by an arteriole. Occurs in the kidney

28
Q

renal corpuscle

A
  • found only in cortex

- includes glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

29
Q

glomerulus

A
  • tuft of capillaries.
  • arises from afferent arteriole
  • glomular capillaries are fenestrated
  • efferent arteriole has increased resistance: filtrate leaks into space through filtration barrier
30
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A
  • Visceral layer (epithelial cells are podocytes)
  • Parietal layer (epithelial cells are squamous). Space between is urinary space
  • continuous with lumen of first renal tubule
31
Q

Vascular pole

A

Where blood vessels enter and exit renal corpuscle

32
Q

Filtration barrier

A
  • in glomerulus

- made by capillary, basement membrane and podocyte

33
Q

Podocyte

A
  • visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
  • have primary and secondary process and cover most of capillary by interdigitating with adjacent podocytes.
  • space between processes are filtration slits covered by thin membrane called slit diaphragm
34
Q

Filtration barrier

A

Consists of pores of fenestrated capillaries/endothelium, thick basement membrane, filtration slit diaphragm/membrane

35
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Two regions:

1) convoluted portion (proximal convoluted tubule, PCT)
2) straight portion (pars recta)

Structure: simple cuboidal epithelium with microvillus border called the brush border (highly absorptive)
Function: absorbs organic nutrients, ions, water, and plasma proteins (if any passed) and release them into interstitial fluid
Location: PCT only in the cortex, straight portion enters medulla as the thick descending limb

36
Q

Epithelium types from straight tubule to inner medulla

A

cuboidal epithelium becomes simple squamous epithelium deeper in medulla

37
Q

Distal tubule

A
  • thick ascending limb (medullary structure) ends as enters cortex as the distal tubule
  • becomes distal convoluted tubule
  • cells cuboidal, no brush border
  • makes contact with and forms part of JGA
38
Q

JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus)

A

feedback structure that keeps the filtration rate consistent and has an endocrine role. .

Includes: macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, mesangial cells

39
Q

Macula densa

A
  • cells of distal tubule
  • tall narrow pale cell with closely packed nuclei
  • appear as dense spot on LM
40
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent and efferent arterioles. Granules contain renin

41
Q

Mesangial cells

A

between the afferent arterial and efferent arteriole

42
Q

Collecting tubules and ducts

A
  • distal convoluted tubule becomes collecting tubule
  • collecting tubules empty into collecting ducts
  • ducts modify filtrate and transport to minor calyces
  • epithelium is simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium
43
Q

Two cell types of collecting ducts

A

1) light cells/principle cells: involved in water permeability
2) dark cells or intercalated cells: actively transport and secrete hydrogen ions and/or bicarbonate thus modulating the acid base balance

44
Q

Papillary ducts

A

AKA ducts of Belini

Formed by several medullary collecting ducts that converge in the renal papilla. Large and convey filtrate to minor calyx

45
Q

Ureter

A
  • delviers urine from kidneys to bladdar
  • mucosa: transitional epithelial lining, lamina propria (CT tissue layer)
  • Muscularis: smooth muscle is organized into 3 layers
  • muscle contraction conveys urine towards bladdar, valve at base of bladdar prevents backflow
46
Q

Urinary bladdar

A
  • stores urine
  • mucosa in folds after voiding (transitional epithelium becomes flat when bladdar is full/distended)
  • muscularis: 3 layers
  • adventitia and serosa (CT with elastic fibers)
47
Q

Urethra

A
  • carries urine from bladder to external environment
  • lined with transitional epithelium
  • longer in males (3 segments), with one segment through prostate. Carries sperm and urine
  • In females strictly for urination

Anatomy Test 2 (6 decks)

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