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Anatomy Test 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of urinary system

A
  • Kidneys: 2. Produce urine as a filtrate of blood
  • Ureters: 2. connects kidney to bladdar
  • Bladdar: storage for urine
  • Urethra: leads from bladdar and delivers urine to outside of body
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2
Q

Function of urinary system

A

conserve body fluid and electrolytes and remove waste

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3
Q

renal corpuscle

A

contains glomurulus (capillary bed) surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

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4
Q

Nephron

A

structural and functional unit of kidney. Includes renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, proximal straight tubule, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, distal straight tubule, distal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

Ultrafiltrate

A

filtered substance BEFORE modification. Fluid that passes through the filtration barrier to the urinary space.

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6
Q

Filtrate

A

filtered substance during modification

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7
Q

Urine

A

filtered substance after modification is complete. Can no longer be modified

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8
Q

Hilum

A

concave medial border where the nerves, vessels enter and exit

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9
Q

Ureter

A

expands at the hilum forming renal pelvis

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10
Q

Two sections of kidney

A

cortex and medulla

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11
Q

Medullary pyramids

A
  • 6-18 pyramids in medulla
  • tip of pyramid is renal papilla, points towards hilum
  • renal papilla perforated by openings of collecting ducts
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12
Q

calyces

A

Minor calyces: collecting ducts empty into these.

  • several minor calyces join together to form a major calyx
  • major calyces come together to form renal pelvis (expanded end of ureter). Urine flows from renal pelvis to ureter. All 3 lined with transitional epithelium
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13
Q

Cortical (renal) columns

A

portion of the cortex that separates the neighboring pyramids

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14
Q

cortical arch

A

cortex of base of each pyramid

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15
Q

renal lobe

A

each medullary pyramid, its arch and cortical sides

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16
Q

Medullary rays (cortical structure)

A

contain the collecting ducts extending from surface of cortex towards medulla

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17
Q

What’s in the cortex?

A

Renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal tubules, collecting ducts, perturular capillary plexus.

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18
Q

Medullary ray

A

In cortex, contains collecting ducts

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19
Q

Medulla/medullary pyramid

A
  • thick descending limb (of Henle’s loop)
  • thin limb
  • thick ascending limb
  • descending collecting ducts
  • vasa recta
20
Q

Blood flow in kidney:

A
  • enters via renal artery
  • branches to form segmental arteries
  • to interlobar arteries
  • to arcuate arteries
  • to interlobular arteries
  • to afferent arterioles
  • to capillaries of glomerulus
  • empties into efferent arteriole
21
Q

Interlobar arteries

A

run between pyramids

22
Q

interlobular arteries

A

run to the surface of the cortex

23
Q

arcuate arteries

A

run along the arch

24
Q

efferent arteriole

A

gives rise to either:

-pertubular capillary plexus or vasa recta

25
Peritubular capillary plexus (PTCP)
a capillary bed that supplies the cortex
26
vasa recta
a capillary bed that follows Henle's loop in the medulla
27
Portal system
capillary bed linked to another capillary bed by an arteriole. Occurs in the kidney
28
renal corpuscle
- found only in cortex | - includes glomerulus and bowman's capsule
29
glomerulus
- tuft of capillaries. - arises from afferent arteriole - glomular capillaries are fenestrated - efferent arteriole has increased resistance: filtrate leaks into space through filtration barrier
30
Bowman's capsule
- Visceral layer (epithelial cells are podocytes) - Parietal layer (epithelial cells are squamous). Space between is urinary space - continuous with lumen of first renal tubule
31
Vascular pole
Where blood vessels enter and exit renal corpuscle
32
Filtration barrier
- in glomerulus | - made by capillary, basement membrane and podocyte
33
Podocyte
- visceral layer of Bowman's capsule - have primary and secondary process and cover most of capillary by interdigitating with adjacent podocytes. - space between processes are filtration slits covered by thin membrane called slit diaphragm
34
Filtration barrier
Consists of pores of fenestrated capillaries/endothelium, thick basement membrane, filtration slit diaphragm/membrane
35
Proximal tubule
Two regions: 1) convoluted portion (proximal convoluted tubule, PCT) 2) straight portion (pars recta) Structure: simple cuboidal epithelium with microvillus border called the brush border (highly absorptive) Function: absorbs organic nutrients, ions, water, and plasma proteins (if any passed) and release them into interstitial fluid Location: PCT only in the cortex, straight portion enters medulla as the thick descending limb
36
Epithelium types from straight tubule to inner medulla
cuboidal epithelium becomes simple squamous epithelium deeper in medulla
37
Distal tubule
- thick ascending limb (medullary structure) ends as enters cortex as the distal tubule - becomes distal convoluted tubule - cells cuboidal, no brush border - makes contact with and forms part of JGA
38
JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus)
feedback structure that keeps the filtration rate consistent and has an endocrine role. . Includes: macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, mesangial cells
39
Macula densa
- cells of distal tubule - tall narrow pale cell with closely packed nuclei - appear as dense spot on LM
40
Juxtaglomerular cells
modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent and efferent arterioles. Granules contain renin
41
Mesangial cells
between the afferent arterial and efferent arteriole
42
Collecting tubules and ducts
- distal convoluted tubule becomes collecting tubule - collecting tubules empty into collecting ducts - ducts modify filtrate and transport to minor calyces - epithelium is simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium
43
Two cell types of collecting ducts
1) light cells/principle cells: involved in water permeability 2) dark cells or intercalated cells: actively transport and secrete hydrogen ions and/or bicarbonate thus modulating the acid base balance
44
Papillary ducts
AKA ducts of Belini Formed by several medullary collecting ducts that converge in the renal papilla. Large and convey filtrate to minor calyx
45
Ureter
- delviers urine from kidneys to bladdar - mucosa: transitional epithelial lining, lamina propria (CT tissue layer) - Muscularis: smooth muscle is organized into 3 layers - muscle contraction conveys urine towards bladdar, valve at base of bladdar prevents backflow
46
Urinary bladdar
- stores urine - mucosa in folds after voiding (transitional epithelium becomes flat when bladdar is full/distended) - muscularis: 3 layers - adventitia and serosa (CT with elastic fibers)
47
Urethra
- carries urine from bladder to external environment - lined with transitional epithelium - longer in males (3 segments), with one segment through prostate. Carries sperm and urine - In females strictly for urination

Anatomy Test 2 (6 decks)

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