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ANP 242 Exam Review 4 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Excretion: removal of organic wastes from body fluids
  2. Elimination: discharge of waste products
  3. Homeostatic regulation: of blood plasma volume and solute concentration
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3
Q

Describe the location and shape of the kidney.

A

Location:
retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region (approximately from T12-L3)
right kidney is lower than the left, due to size of the liver
adrenal glands sit atop the kidney

Location: convex lateral surface, concave medial surface
renal hilum (notched area) leads to the renal sinus
Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit at the hilum

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4
Q

Describe the supportive tissues around the kidney. What are they used for?

A

The supportive tissue is for protection for the kidney

  1. Renal fascia
    - the anchoring outer layer of dens fibrous connective tissue
  2. Perinephretic (perirenal) fat capsule
    - a fatty cushion
  3. Fibrous renal capsule
    - prevents spread of infection to kid
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5
Q

Describe the internal anatomy of the kidney.

A

Renal cortex - granular superficial region

Renal medulla - deep to cortex, darker in color

lobe - a medullary pyramid and its surrounding corticol tissue

papilla- tip of pyramid, release urine into minor calyx

renal pelvis - the funnel-shaped tube with the renal sinus

major calyces - the branching channels of the renal pelvis that collect urine from minor calyces and empty urine into the pelvis

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6
Q

What is the path of blood flow through the kidney?

A

Renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > cortical radiate arteries > afferent arterioles > (NEPHRONS) glomerulus > efferent arteriole > pertibular capillaries (nephrons) > venules > cortical radiate veins > arcuate veins > interlobar veins > renal vein

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7
Q

What are the two main parts of the nephron?

A
  1. Glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries, brings blood to be cleaned into the nephron
  2. Renal Tubule - area where the most of the urine product is fine tuned
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8
Q

What are the parts of a renal tubule?

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
descending limb
ascending limb

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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9
Q

What are the three steps in urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
    returns all glucose and amino acids, 99% of water, salt, and other components to the blood
  3. Tubular secretion
    Reverse of reabsorption; selective addition to urine
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10
Q

Describe the structural renal corpuscle. How does blood enter and leave the glomerulus? Describe the function of renal corpuscle.

A

Structure = Glomerulus + Bowman’s Capsule

Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole and exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

Function: filtration - high blood pressure in the glomerulus pushes small solutes and water out of the bloodstream and throught the filtration membrane into the Bowman’s capsule of the renal tubule.

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11
Q

What factors can influence of the GFR?

A

*

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the Glomerular (Bowmans) Capsule?

A

1st portion of the renal tubule
cup-shaped and surrounds glomerulus

walls of the glomerular capsule are composed of cells called podocytes

podocytes contain feet like processes called pedicels

spaces between pedicels of podocytes are called filtration slits

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule. Describe the function of the PCT.

A

structure: simple cuboidal epithelium
receives tubular fluid (filtrate) from Bowman’s Capsule

Function:
Reabsorption - main function
60-70% filtrate is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream

Secretion - secondary function
In secretion, PCT is secreting ammonium ions, creatinine, drugs, and toxins

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle). Describe the functions of the Loop of Henle.

A

*

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the Distal Convoluted Tubule. Describe the functions of the DCT.

A

*

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the Collecting Systen, Describe the functions of the collecting system.

A

aa

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17
Q

How do the hormones Aldosterone, ADH, and ANP affect urine formation?

A

a

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18
Q

What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus - JGA? What are the main structures and cells involved in JGA?

A

*

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19
Q

Describe the Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism

A

*

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20
Q

Describe the location, structure, function of the ureters

A

*

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21
Q

Describe the location, structure, and function of the bladder

A

*

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22
Q

Describe the location, structure, and function of the urethra

A

*

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23
Q

What are the differences between a male and female urethra?

A

*

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24
Q 
Describe..
color
transparency
odor
pH
specific gravity
composition of urine

How much is normally produced per day?

A

clear, pale to deep yellow (due to urochrome)- color can be altered by drugs, vitamin supplements, and diet
cloudy urine may indicate a UTI

slightly aromatic when fresh, develops ammonia odor, may be altered by some drugs and vegetables

pH: slightly acidic (~pH 6, range of 4.5-8.0); diet prolonged vomiting, or UTI may alter pH

Specific gravity 1.001 to 1.035 dependent on solute concentration

95% water & 5% solutes
Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, and creatinine
Na+, K+, PO43-, and SO42-
Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3-

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25
What would be some substances not normally found in urine. What pathologies could some of them indicate if they are present in the urine?
``` RBC WBC Bacteria Glucose Large proteins ```
26
Where are the micturition centers in the brain located?
Pontine (pons) control centers and corticospinal mature between ages 2 and 3 for conscious control over micturition
27
Describe the process of micturition in an adult
1. ureters drip urine into bladder 2. bladder fills to 200mL, stretch receptors send messages to spinal cord 3. spinal cords parasympathetic messages back to the bladder 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
28
Describe the following urinary pathologies: | renal calculi
aka Nephrolithiasis kidney stones form in renal pelvis usually composed of crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts Larger stones block ureter, cause pressure and pain in kidneys Maybe because of chronic bacterial infections, urine retention, increased calcium in blood. increased pH of urine more common in males than females riskier as we age
29
Describe the following urinary pathologies: | urinary tract infection
Usually caused by E. Coli (bacteria found in colon) In UTI, bacteria get deposited in the urethra or bladder and can cause an infection Symptoms: painful, frequent, sometimes blood-tinged urination = Dysuria More commonly seen in females due to the location and length of the female urethra
30
Describe the following urinary pathologies: renal failure nickname? definition? possible causes? Treatments?
aka: kidney failure when the number of functioning nephrons becomes too low to carry out normal kidney functions because of kidney failure, toxic wastes will quickly accumulate in the blood ``` Possibles causes: repeated infections damaging the kidneys physical trauma to kidneys chemical poisoning of kidneys inadequate blood supply to the kidneys ``` Treatments: Dialysis - artificial means to clean the blood must undergo 4-8 hours/3days a week Kidney Transplant
31
Describe the following urinary pathologies: | glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerulus of kidney, which disrupts proper filtration can be the result of a Streprococcus infection. Usually infection is not in kidney, but antigen-antibody produce the immune system clog the filtration mechnism in the glomerulus as they circulate in the blood. This decreases the GFR.
32
Dysuria
another name for painful urination
33
Urethritis
infection in urethra
34
Cystitis
bladder infection
35
Pyelonephritis
kidney infection
36
Micturition
Urination or voiding
37
Incontinence
inability to control urination voluntarily
38
What are the 3 simultaneous events of micturition
1. Contraction of detrusor muscle by ANS 2. Opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS 3. Opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic nervous system
39
Urinary tract
Organs that eliminate urine
40
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Receives the remaining tubular fluid from the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle Main function is secretion Macula densa cells located here
41
Nephron Loop /Loop of Henle
Will extend down into renal medulla of kidney Filtrate flows from PCT into the descending limb, then into the ascending limb
42
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Simple cuboidal epithelium Receives tubular fluid from Bowman's capsule Main function: reabsorption Secondary function: secretion
43
Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule
1st portion of the renal tubule Cup shaped and surround glomerulus Walls contain cells: podocytes
44
Renal tubule
``` Where urine is fine tuned Has sections: Glomerular capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule ```
45
Glomerulus
A tuft of capillaries Brings blood to be cleaned into the nephron Blood enters this via afferent arteriole, exits via efferent arteriole Walls composed of Fenestrated glomerular endothelium
46
Renal pelvis
The funnel-shape tube within renal sinus
47
Papilla
Tip of pyramid, release urine into minor calyx
48
Fibrous renal capsule
Prevents spread of infection to kidney | Tissue layer outside of the kidney
49
Perinephretic (perirenal) fat capsule
A fatty cushion | Tissue layer outside of the kidney
50
Renal fascia
The anchoring layer of dense fibrous connective tissue supporting the outside of the kidney
51
Urinary bladder
Temporary storage for urine | Muscular sac
52
Ureters
Paired tubes | Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
53
Kidneys
Organs that produce urine Major excretory organ
54
Trigone
In urinary bladder Smooth triangular area outlined by the opening for ureters and urethra Acts as a funnel to channel urine towards the urethra
55
Renal cortex
granular superficial region, lighter color (kidney)
56
Renal medulla
deep to cortex and darker in color | cone-shaped medullary renal pyramids separated by renal columns (kidney)
57
Major calyx
The branching channels of the renal pelvis that collect urine from minor calyces and empty urine into the pelvis
58
Minor calyx
Receives urine from papilla
59
Urine
Excess water of nutrients, toxins that the body does not need Urine is sterile, see other notecard
60
Nephron
Structural and functional units that form urine the "filters" of the kidney ~1 million per kidney, microscopic Takes blood filters out toxins, excess water/nutrients body does not need Nephron returns filtered blood back to the body
61
Pertibular capillaries
*
62
Vasa recta
the name of the blood vessel that surrounds the loop of Henle and reabsorbs ions and water back into the bloodstream
63
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus + it Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule
64
Podocytes
Cells in the walls of Bowman's capsule
65
Pedicels
"feet-like" processes in podocytes
66
Filtration slits
Spaces between pedicels of podocytes
67
filtrate
fluid found inside the nephron, this is what will become urine
68
Tubular fluid
aka filtrate | fluid found inside the nephron
69
Glomerular Filtration Rate = GFR
The rate of filtrate production per minute GFR is ~125mL/min
70
Detrusor muscle
three layers of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder
71
diuretics
substances that increase the amount of urine output Example: osmotic diuretics, ADH inhibitors, caffeine, other drugs
72
Granular cells
aka Juxtaglomerular or JG cells Main cells in JGA Enlarged smooth muscle cells of arteriole Secretory granules contain the hormone renin Act as a mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure, stimulated when pressure of blood drops
73
Macula densa
Tall closely packed cells of the ascending limb of the nephron loop Detect if the filtration rate has dropped
74
Descending limb
Made up of simple squamous epithelial cells, which are permeable to water, but do not contain pumps or transport proteins for solutes, water will be reabsorbed here
75
Ascending limb
Composed of cuboidal epithelial cells covered with glycoprotein layer Less permeable to water, but more able to pump solutes and ions Sodium and chloride will be reabsorbed here
76
Countercurrent multiplication
the movement of fluid back and forth between the ascending and descending limb of the loop Helps drive the movement of water, sodium ions, and chloride ions in the DCT
77
Collecting Ducts
Receive filtrate from the DCT of many nephrons out in the cortex of the kidney Larger than tubules in the nephron because they collect fluid from many nephrons Empty their filtrate into larger papillary ducts influenced by Aldosterone and ADH
78
Inner mucosa layer
lining of transitional epithelium with mucous of the ureter wall
79
middle mucosa layer
smooth muscle muscularis of the ureter wall contracts in response to stretch can perform peristaltic waves to propel urine
80
Outer connective tissue layer
Adventitia of fibrous connective tissue of the ureter wall
81
Inner layer of urethra
mostly pseudostratified columnar epithelium
82
What are the | Five Homeostatic Functions of the Urinary System
1. Regulates blood volume and blood pressure: - adjusts volume of water lost in urine - releasing erythropoietin and renin 2. Regulates plasma ion concentrations 3. Helps stabilize blood pH: - by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine 4. Conserves valuable nutrients - by preventing excretion while excreting organic waste products 5. Assists liver in detoxifying poisons

ANP 242 Exam Review 4 (1 decks)

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