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A&P 2 Test #4 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

4 major organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

Where does water collect and stagnant?

A

Trigony- depression in the bladder

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3
Q

Why is it easier for females to get bladder infections?

A

shorter urethra; cystitis, UTI

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4
Q

What do kidneys do?

A
  • filter blood
  • remove toxins/wastes from blood
  • buffer system pH of kidneys; narrow range
  • regulate bv/urine
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5
Q

Renin is the regulation of?

A

Blood pressure & kidney function

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6
Q

Erythropoitin regulates what?

A

RBC production

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7
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal; superior lumbar region

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8
Q

Which kidney is lower/higher?

A

right is lower than the left

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9
Q

What structures enter/exit the hilum?

A

Blood vessels; renal vein/renal artery
Lymphatics
Nerves
Ureters

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10
Q

Superficial region with over 1 million renal corpuscles & is like a nephron

A

renal cortex

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11
Q

Triangular renal pyramids are separated by columns in this region

A

renal medulla

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12
Q

Tip of the pyramid, releases urine into minor calyx

A

papilla

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13
Q

Renal pyramids are separated by

A

renal columns

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14
Q

What moves through the columns?

A

Arteries & veins; blood

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15
Q

Where do the arteries/veins (blood) plug in to?

A

Nephrons

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16
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Blood filters

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17
Q

How many nephrons per kidney?

A

1.5 million

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18
Q

At the base of each pyramid, urine moves to the ‘cups’ called

A

minor calyx

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19
Q

What are major calyxes?

A

Branching channels of renal pelvis

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20
Q

What do major calyces do?

A

collect urine from minor calyces & empty urine into ureters

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21
Q

There a re millions of nephrons inside the

A

renal corpuscle

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22
Q

What two things make up the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus & glomerular capsule

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23
Q

What kind of arteriole plugs into the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

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24
Q

What kind of arteriole comes out of the glomerulus?

A

Efferent arteriole

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25
Why is blood pressure high in the glomerulus
Afferent arterioles are smaller than efferent arterioles
26
The loop of henle is aka as the
nephron loop
27
The descending loop of henle is ____ to water
freely permeable
28
The ascending loop of henle is ____ to water
impermeable
29
Urine is delivered through the papillae to the
``` minor calyx major calyx ureters urinary bladder urethra & back into the water system ```
30
Peritubular capillaries surround PCT & DCT of which kind of nephrons?
Cortical nephron
31
____ arteriole in a cortical nephron plus into _____ capillaries
efferent | peritubular
32
If it is a _____ nephron, it'll go to the vasa recta & wrap around the loop of henle
Juxtamedullary
33
3 ways of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration Tubular Reabsoprtion Tubular Secretion
34
What is tubular reabsorption?
Take good stuff from the filtrate and put back into blood. | Leave nephron tubules and enter the blood either to peritubular capillaries or vasa recta.
35
What is tubular secretion?
Put extra waste in nephron tubules to get rid of it as urine
36
If you go through the cells, it's what kind of mechanism?
trancellular
37
If you go between the cells, it's called what kind of mechanism?
paracellular
38
What is GFR?
Glomerular Filtration Rate | Volume of filtration per minute ml/min
39
What is NFP?
Net filtration pressure; responsible for filtration
40
NFP formula
NFP= HPg-(OPg+HPc) HPg- Hydrostatic glomerular pressure OPg- Osmotic pressure HPc- Hydrostatic capsular pressure
41
HPg is
a pushing force and favors filtration | positive filtration factor
42
OPg & HPc are
opposing forces, and oppose filtration | negative filtration factors
43
Where does reabsorption occur the most?
proximal convoluted tubule
44
Name some examples that get reabsorbed
``` NaCl electrolytes nutrients AAs H20 ```
45
What targets PCT to pull Calcium into the blood?
PTH
46
What targets PCT to pull Sodium into the blood?
Aldosterone
47
What targets the collecting duct to pull water out & put it back into the blood
ADH
48
Examples of secreted wastes:
H+, K+, creatinine, NH4
49
What gives urine its smell?
NH4
50
How do the kidneys maintain osmolality? [particle balance]
countercurrent mechanisms
51
What is a countercurrent mechanism?
Fluid flows in opposite directions, particles exchanged for osmolality
52
Examples of countercurrent mechanisms?
loop of henle & vasa recta
53
Urea moves between where and why?
from the collecting duct to the ascending loop of henle, it is recycled to maintain system's osmolality
54
What gives urine its color?
urochrome
55
Urine is slightly ____ when fresh
aromatic
56
What may cloudy urine indicate?
UTI
57
The more urochrome you have, the more ____ your urine is
yellow
58
The range of pH of urine is
wide
59
The specific gravity of urine is
1.001-1.035
60
Urine is made up of mostly
water 60%
61
Nitrogenous wastes of urine
urea, uric acid, creatinine
62
Renal calculi are
kidney stones that block ureter
63
Males have a _____ gland & a _____ muscle for forceful release of urine.
prostate | detrusor
64
The male's urethra selectively carries both
urine & semen
65
3 parts of a male's urethra
prostatic membranous spongy
66
Micturition is
urination and is part voluntary/involuntary
67
Micturition reflex center is where & matures at what age
pontine; pons | age 2-3

A&P 2 Test #4 (2 decks)

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