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Histology Exam 3 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Principle organ system responsible for water & electrolyte homeostasis, osmoregulation, & acid-base balance

A

Urinary system

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2
Q

_____ system has 1’ secretory function—excretion of toxic & metabolic waste products, especially ________

A

Urinary system; urea & creatinine

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3
Q

1’ nitrogenous waste product in mammals; soluble

A

Urea

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4
Q

Is urea soluble and how many nitrogens does it have?

A

Yes; 2

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5
Q

Is uric acid soluble and how many nitrogens does it have?

A

No; 3

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6
Q

includes urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia, etc.)

A

BUN—blood urea nitrogen

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7
Q

____ functions in Metabolism & excretion of various drugs (e.g., abx)

A

Urinary system

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8
Q

Kidneys synthesize ____ & maintain normal bp via ______ system

A

renin; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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9
Q

____ produced by kidney; stimulates rbc production (erythropoiesis)

A

Erythropoietin

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10
Q

_____ converted from inactive to active form by liver & kidney

A

Vit D

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11
Q

Kidneys are _____ organs with ______ capsule

A

retroperitoneal; fibrous connective tissue

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12
Q

Blood vessels & ureters enter/ exit at _____

A

hilus

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13
Q

Each kidney supplied by _____ ,

A

renal A

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14
Q

renal A branches to form ___

A

interlobar Aa

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15
Q

interlobar Aa branches to form_____

A

arcuate Aa

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16
Q

arcuate Aa branches to form ____

A

interlobular Aa

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17
Q

then interlobular Aa give off ______ to _____

A

affarent arterioles to glomeruli

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18
Q

Arcuate arteries are located at _____

A

corticomedullary junction

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19
Q

Kidney divided into outer ____& inner ____

A

cortex; medulla

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20
Q

Cortex contains mostly _____ and ______

A

renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules

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21
Q

Medulla contains mostly _____, _____, and _____

A

loops of Henle, collecting tubules & collecting ducts

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22
Q

_____ is unique to urinary tract—varying # of layers—stratified, cuboidal to polygonal, with scalloped outline (= “umbrella cells”)•Highly distensible; allows for changing urine volumes

A

Transitional epithelium

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23
Q

Functional unit of kidney ______ ~1 million/ each human kidney

A

nephron

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24
Q

Nephron is Embryologically derived from ______, part of developing ______

A

nephrogenic blastema; urogenital ridge

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25
Q

How many types of neurons are there?

A

3

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26
Q

_______ nephrons located in outer rim of cortex; have short loops of Henle

A

cortical or subcapsular nephrons

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27
Q

____ nephrons adjacent to medulla; have long loops of Henle

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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28
Q

_____ nephrons in middle of cortex; have intermediate length loops of Henle

A

intermediate nephrons

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29
Q

What are the 2 major components of nephrons?

A

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

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30
Q

Part of nephron that filters blood plasma

A

Renal corpuscle

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31
Q

Part of nephron that collects filtrate

A

renal tubule

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32
Q

Each renal corpuscle has 2 components called

A

Bowman’s capsule & glomerulus

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33
Q

_____ single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on basement membrane (= parietal layer)

A

Capsule

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34
Q

_____ Forms hollow, dilated end of proximal convoluted tubule, surrounding glomerulus

A

parietal layer

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35
Q

Parietal layer continues onto glomerulus as ______

A

visceral layer

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36
Q

Cells of visceral layer highly modified, called

A

podocytes

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37
Q

Space between visceral and parietal layers is called

A

Bowman’s space

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38
Q

_____ collects glomerular filtrate, empties into renal tubule

A

Bowman’s space

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39
Q

Network of densely packed, anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries within kidney

A

Glomerulus

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40
Q

The glomerulus is Supplied arterial blood by _____ and ____

A

afferent & efferent arterioles

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41
Q

Blood plasma passes through several cell layers to become_____

A

filtrate

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42
Q

water & small molecular weight molecules filtered from blood into Bowman’s space

A

filtrate

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43
Q

First layer of glomerulus consists of ______ and ______

A

capillary endothelial cells of glomerulus & glomerular basement membrane

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44
Q

Luminal surface of capillary endothelium in glomerulus is negatively charged due to surface layer of glycoprotein called _______—sets up negatively charged barrier, prevents loss of anions, large protein molecules

A

podocalyxin

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45
Q

______ acts as physical barrier & ion-selective filter

A

Glomerular basement membrane

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46
Q

Space between capillary basement membrane & second layer of cells (podocytes) is called the _______

A

subpodocyte space

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47
Q

______ surround glomerular capillaries, possess cytoplasmic extensions known as ______

A

Podocytes; foot processes

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48
Q

T/F: Long 1’ foot processes give off short 2’ foot processes(= pedicels)

A

True

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49
Q

Spaces between foot processes are ____—~40 nm in diameter

A

filtration slits

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50
Q

filtration slits contain _______ that are made of a protein called ______

A

slit diaphragms; nephrin

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51
Q

Act as additional barrier, function to restrict passage of large macromolecules (MW > 69K), proteins, negatively charged molecules, & blood cells

A

slit diaphragms

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52
Q

T/F: Podocytes have phagocytic function & can remove trapped macromolecules

A

True

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53
Q

The resultant glomerular ultrafiltrate is passed to _____

A

renal tubule

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54
Q

What are the 4 distinct zones of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule•Loop of Henle•Distal convoluted tubule•Collecting tubule/duct•

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55
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the renal tubule?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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56
Q

1’ function of ______ is selective resorption of water, inorganic ions (Na & bicarbonate) & large molecules (e.g., AA’s, proteins, glucose) from glomerular filtrate

A

renal tubule

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57
Q

the ____ also functions in Concentration of waste products (e.g., urea, creatinine, excess H+ & K+)

A

renal tubule

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58
Q

_____ of renal tubule is Confined to cortex and is facilitated by aquaporins

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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59
Q

the ____ of renal tubule is the 1’ site of water resorption; resorbs ~75% of water & ions (Na, Cl) from filtrate; Also resorbs all proteins, AA’s, & sugars (glucose)

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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60
Q

integral proteins forming specialized pores or channels for transport of H2O in brush border of epithelial cells

A

aquaporins

61
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium with apical microvilli (= brush border), characteristic of ______ (part of renal tubule)

A

proximal convoluted tubule

62
Q

What are the 4 parts of the loop of Henle?

A

Pars recta (thick descending limb), thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, and thick ascending limb

63
Q

T/F: Each segment of the loop of Henle are all the same length

A

False; vary in length

64
Q

Bulk of loop of Henle extends into ______

A

medulla

65
Q

Thin limbs are ____ in juxtamedullary nephrons & ____ in cortical nephrons

A

long; short

66
Q

Thin limb of loop of Henle has ______ epithelium

A

simple squamous epithelium

67
Q

thick limb of loop of Henle has _____ epithelium

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

68
Q

Which part of loop of Henle has brush border of apical microvilli

A

Pars recta (thick descending limb)

69
Q

Loop of Henle surrounded by peritubular capillary network called _____

A

vasa recta

70
Q

Loop of Henle and it capillary network Functions to generate _______ in ECF of renal medulla via Na-K pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

A

high osmotic pressure

71
Q

How does loop of Henle and its capillary network generate high osmotic pressure in ECF of renal medulla?

A

via Na-K pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

72
Q

Higher extracellular [Na] in medulla combined with water resorption by proximal convoluted tubule in cortex leads to _____

A

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient

73
Q

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient produces a ________ system of urine concentration—results in production of hypertonic urine

A

counter current(exchange) multiplier system

74
Q

counter current(exchange) multiplier system results in production of ____ urine

A

hypertonic

75
Q

Continuation of thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle; present within cortex

A

distal convoluted tubule

76
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium with short apical microvilli, but lacks distinct brush border

A

distal convoluted tubule

77
Q

distal convoluted tubule is composed of _____ epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

78
Q

Responsible for active resorption of Na & Cl, coupled with secretion of H & K ions

A

distal convoluted tubule

79
Q

What are the 2 cell types that control distal convoluted tubule?

A

principle and intercalated cells

80
Q

_____ cells resorb Na & water, secrete K in distal convoluted tubule

A

principal

81
Q

_____ cells resorb K and secrete H

A

intercalated cells

82
Q

Distal convoluted tubule is controlled by _____

A

aldosteroone

83
Q

terminal portion of nephron

A

collecting tubule

84
Q

several tubules converge to form larger _____; Visible as medullary rays, with thick, simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium

A

collecting duct

85
Q

What kind of epithelium make up collecting ducts?

A

Thich simple cuboidal to columnar cuboidal epithelium

86
Q

collecting ducts converge at _____

A

renal papilla

87
Q

Function in Na resorption, maintenance of acid-base balance, K secretion & resorption•Contain both principal & intercalated cells

A

renal papilla

88
Q

Epithelial cells of collecting duct normally ____ to water

A

impermeable

89
Q

However, in presence of ADH(= vasopressin), secreted by posterior pituitary, collecting tubules become ____ and _____

A

permeable & will resorb water thru aquaporins

90
Q

In conjunction with Loop of Henle & vasa recta, _____ forms counter-current exchange mechanism to concentrate urine

A

collecting tubule

91
Q

_____ convoluted tubule ~2X as long as _____ convoluted tubule (& much more convoluted),

A

Proximal; distal

92
Q

most tubules in cortex are ______

A

proximal convoluted tubules

93
Q

_____ are more oval to elongate, with thinner, flatter (but still cuboidal) epithelium; Lighter staining cytoplasm, nuclei more prominent

A

Distal convoluted tubules

94
Q

In medulla, see mostly _____ (smallest tubules, with squamous to cuboidal epithelium),

A

Loop of Henle

95
Q

Combined baroreceptor (pressure) & chemoreceptor ([ion])•Specialized areas of afferent arteriole & distal convoluted tubule•Used to regulate systemic blood pressure

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

96
Q

JGA is Used to regulate systemic blood pressure via __________

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

97
Q

______ thickened region on one side of distal convoluted tubule; Contains densely packed cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells; Chemoreceptor sensitive to changes in [Na] in filtrate

A

Macula densa

98
Q

modified smooth Mm cells in wall of afferent arteriole; Act as baroreceptors; detect changes in blood pressure; Produce reninin response to ↓blood pressure(converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I)

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

99
Q

Flattened cells surrounding afferent and efferent arterioles; Exact function unclear; provide structural support & phagocytosis; May assist in tubular glomerular feedback(by transmitting signals from cells of macula densa to glomerular mesangial cells)

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells—(= Goormaghtigh cells or Lacis cells)

100
Q

decreased bp leads to ____ release from JG cell in afferent arterioles

A

renin

101
Q

decreased bp leads to decreased ____

A

GFR

102
Q

Decreased GFR leads to decreased

A

Na in distal convoluted tubule (macula densa)

103
Q

_____ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

A

renin

104
Q

____ converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

105
Q

____ is a vasoconstricor that increases bp

A

angiotensin II

106
Q

____ is synthesized by liver and is important in renin-angiotensin system

A

angiotensinogen

107
Q

____ is produced by endothelial cells in lungs

A

ACE

108
Q

What are the 3 ways angiotensin II increase bp?

A

Vasoconstriction, release aldosterone, and ADH secretion from posterior pituitary

109
Q

Aldosterone is released from _____ of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa

110
Q

____increases water resorption from collecting tubule

A

ADH

111
Q

____ causes resorption of Na & water from distal convoluted tubule => ↑bp

A

aldosterone

112
Q

_____ prevent conversion of angiotensin I angiotensin II by blocking action of ACE preventing increase in bp

A

ACE-inhibitors

113
Q

Muscular tubes, conduct urine from kidneys to bladder•Stellate or star-shaped lumen in X-S, lined by transitional epithelium thrown into folds•Fairly thick, fibro-elastic lamina propria

A

ureters

114
Q

____ of ureters contains 3 layers of smooth Mm—inner longitudinal & outer circular, plus third outermost longitudinal layer in lower third of ureter

A

Muscularis externa

115
Q

What are the 3 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa?

A

inner longitudinal & outer circular, plus third outermost longitudinal layer in lower third of ureter

116
Q

____ Produce peristaltic contractions to move urine

A

3 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa

117
Q

____ has Surrounding fibroelastic adventitia of connective tissue

A

ureter

118
Q

Lined by transitional epithelium (urothelium) with underlying fibroelastic lamina propria

A

urinary bladder

119
Q

Three openings define _____ of bladder, two for entry of urine from ureters & one for exit of urine via urethra (surrounded by internal sphincter of smooth Mm)

A

trigone area

120
Q

How many exits are there in urinary bladder?

A

1

121
Q

How many entries are there in urinary bladder?

A

2

122
Q

Exit for urine via urethra is surrounded by ______ of smooth muscle

A

internal sphincter

123
Q

____ and ___ have the same 3 smooth muscle layers in muscularis externa

A

ureters and urinary bladder

124
Q

Peritoneal or visceral surface of bladder covered by ______

A

fibroblastic adventitia (= serosa)

125
Q

Transfers urine from bladder to outside world; in humans, ~3-5 cm in female, 20 cm in male•Lined by stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium (occasionally squamous), with paraurethral mucus glands

A

Urethra

126
Q

Urethra is lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Lined by stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium

127
Q

What are the 3 sections of epithelium in male urethra?

A

prostatic, membranous, and spongy

128
Q

Prostatic urethra lined by ____ epithelium, like bladder; remaining portions columnar

A

transitional epithelium

129
Q

____ are more susceptible to bladder infections because of short urethra

A

Females

130
Q

Bacterial/fungal (yeast) infection => rbc’s, wbc’s, bacteria in urine, painful/ burning urination

A

cystitis, pyelonephritis

131
Q

How do you treat cystitis, pyelonephritis?

A

antibiotics/antifungals

132
Q

How do you diagnose cystitis, pyelonephritis?

A

Urine culture

133
Q

Excretion of protein in urine (usually albumin)

A

= proteinuria

134
Q

Urination is also called

A

micturition

135
Q

Excretion of glucose in urine =

A

glucosuria

136
Q

glucosuria leads to _____

A

diabetes mellitus

137
Q

↑frequency of urination

A

(polyuria—PU)

138
Q

frequency of drinking

A

(polydypsia—PD)

139
Q

(polydypsia—PD) and polyuria (PU) leades to

A

diabetes insipidus

140
Q

diabetes insipidus is due to _____ insufficiency that leads to high volume dilute (hypotonic) urine

A

ADH

141
Q

T/F: Various drugs or metabolites concentrated in urine, may precipitate as crystals

A

True

142
Q

____ measures renal function; indirect measure of renal disease

A

BUN(blood test)

143
Q

BUN Doesn’t ↑until ~75% of functional nephrons lost which is a sign of ____

A

=> uremia

144
Q

Crystal, stone formation => urinary calculi

A

(nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis)

145
Q

~80% of stones are made of _____

A

calcium oxalate

146
Q

dilation of renal pelvis caused by stone

A

hydronephrosis,

147
Q

stone getting lodged in ureter

A

hydroureter

148
Q

How are nehprolithiasis diagnosed?

A

ultrasound

Histology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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