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Lab > urininalysis > Flashcards

urininalysis Flashcards

0
Q

What should be recorded in the medical record and report

A

Method of collection

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1
Q

What can urine be stored in

A

Red top tube or UA container

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2
Q

How soon should the sample be analyzed

A

30-60 min

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3
Q

How long can urine be refrigerated

A

6-12 hours

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4
Q

What may happen in over refrigerated urine

A

Affects USG and crystals may form

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5
Q

What should be done before evaluation on cold urine

A

Warmed to room temp and mixed gently

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6
Q

What should be done for cytological evaluation

A

Centrifuged ASAP

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7
Q

What is affected in cytological evaluation if not done correctly

A

Decrease in glucose and bilirubin

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8
Q

What forms a top layer on urine

A

Toluene

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9
Q

What can interfere with chemical tests

A

4% formalin - 1gtt/30ml

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10
Q

What is a 1:9 ratio

A

5% phenol

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11
Q

What do clients often confuse when asked about bathroom habits

A

Polyuria and oliguria. Ask amount

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12
Q

What can cause oliguria

A

Renal failure or PU/PD

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13
Q

What is normal output for dog and cat

A

20-40 ml/kg

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14
Q

What colors are normal

A

Straw, yellow, pale yellow, amber

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15
Q

What color indicates normal/high concentration

A

Dark yellow

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16
Q

What color indicates renal dz

A

Colorless

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17
Q

What color indicates bile pigments

A

Dark yellow/bright green

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18
Q

What color indicates blood

A

Bright red

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19
Q

What color indicates hematuria/hemaglobinuria

A

Reddish brown

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20
Q

What color indicates myoglobin

A

Brown

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21
Q

What color indicates drugs

A

Orange

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22
Q

Celerity of fresh urine

A

Clear/slightly cloudy

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23
Q

What causes cloudy urine

A

Bacteria

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24
Q

What causes oily urine

A

Lipiduria

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25
Q

What causes foamy urine

A

Increased protein

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26
Q

What causes yellow foamy urine

A

Bilirubin

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27
Q

What causes ammonia urine

A

Bacteria

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28
Q

What causes sweet urine

A

Bacteria, cystitis, diabetes

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29
Q

What causes fruity urine

A

Bacteria or diabetes

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30
Q

What does USG assess

A

Ability to concentrate urine

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31
Q

What is USG compared to

A

Distiller water

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32
Q

Dog USG

A

1.018-1.045

33
Q

Cat USG

A

1.020-1.040

34
Q

What does high USG mean

A

Fluid loss, shock, acute renal dz

35
Q

What does low USG mean

A

Polydipsia, diabetes insipidus, liver dz, renal dz

36
Q

When is isosthenuria seen

A

Renal dz

37
Q

T or F: dipstick test is reliable

A

False

38
Q

What should be done with hematuria urine for dipstick test

A

Centrifuges and use supernate

39
Q

Normal dog pH

A

5.5-6.8

40
Q

Normal cat pH

A

6-7

41
Q

What urine pH do herbivores have

A

Alkaline

42
Q

What test is sensitive to albumin

A

Protein

43
Q

Normal protein

A

Trace/none

44
Q

What does 2+ protein indicate

A

Significant proteinuria

45
Q

Causes of proteinuria

A

UTI, glomular dz, hematuria

46
Q

What can cause positive protein

A

Diet, exercise, renal dz, tumor, trauma

47
Q

What can cause false positive protein

A

Alkaline urine, contact time, detergents

48
Q

Normal glucose

A

None

49
Q

When does glycosuria exist

A

When blood glucose levels exceed renal absorption

50
Q

Dog glucose

A

180-200

51
Q

Feline glucose

A

280

52
Q

Equine glucose

A

160-200

53
Q

Bovine glucose

A

100-140

54
Q

When can false negative glucose happen

A

Increase ascorbic acid(vit. C) or drugs

55
Q

What causes persistent hyperglycemia

A

Diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism

56
Q

What causes transient hyperglycemia

A

Stress, pancreatitis, 1-2 hrs post meal

57
Q

What are ketones

A

Excess acetyl coaline from fatty acids in liver

58
Q

Normal ketones

A

None

59
Q

What is the cause of ketones

A

Unregulated diabetes mellitus, toxemia in sheep, lactating cows, starvation

60
Q

What shades indicate bilirubin on dipsticks

A

Beige

61
Q

Normal bilirubin

A

None

62
Q

Positive bilirubin due to

A

Low renal threshold, hepatobilary dz, intra vascular hemolysis

63
Q

What causes False negative bilirubin

A

Aged urine, UV exposure, high vitamin C

64
Q

What is the least useful dipstick test

A

Urobilinogen

65
Q

Normal urobilinogen

A

Trace

66
Q

What causes increased urobilinogen

A

Liver dz, hyperbilrubinemia

67
Q

What is derived from diet

A

Nitrate

68
Q

What converts nitrate to nitrite

A

Gram (-) bacteria

69
Q

Normal nitrate

A

Trace

70
Q

Normal blood

A

None

71
Q

Hematuria supernate color

A

Clear

72
Q

Hemoglobinura supernate color

A

Red/orange

73
Q

When will an animal have low HCT/PCV

A

Hemoglobinura

74
Q

What can cause RBC’S to lyse

A

Very dilute, alkaline, or old urine

75
Q

Normal WBC

A

None

76
Q

When is it normal to see large amounts of sediment

A

Horse and rabbit urine

77
Q

What might stain produce

A

Artiface

78
Q

What is the choice stain

A

Sternheimer-malbin

79
Q

What is a secondary stain

A

0.5% new methylene blue

Lab (10 decks)

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