Urogenital

Question 1

What is the external anatomy of a female bovine

Answer 1

Anus, perineum, vulva, and escutcheon

Question 2

Female anatomy of the female mare

Answer 2

Anus, perineum, and vulva

Question 3

What is the proper vulvar conformation of the mare

Answer 3

Vulva is in a straight line with the anus

Question 4

What is the abnormal vulvar conformation of the mare. Why is this a bad thing

Answer 4

Anus is recessed behind the vulva - increases risk of infection due to feces contamination sitting on the vulva

Question 5

What could be possible results of poor vulvar conformation in the mare

Answer 5

-Pneumovagina (wind sucking)
-Pooling of urine in vagina
-Fecal contamination of the vagina

Question 6

Being that the cervix enters the vagina at the

Question 7

What position does the cervix enter the vagina in the equine? What can the pooling of urine or fecal contamination lead to?

Answer 7

Cervix enters vagina at ventral position so pooling can lead to inflammation within uterus

Question 8

Describe normal vs abnormal mucous membranes of a bovine vulva

Answer 8

Normal: light pink
Abnormal: orange/yellow = jaundice // red from inflammation/infection

Question 9

What is the prepuce?

Answer 9

Skin covering penis

Question 10

Describe how the prepuce can be different amongst bovine

Answer 10

Breed and castration dependent
Brangus beef have a lot of prepuce whereas Hereford steer have less prepuce. Usually a castrated bull (steer) will have less skin

Question 11

How do you obtain urine in a bovine male

Answer 11

First must restrain head in a chute and then palpate/rub the prepuce

Question 12

After obtaining urine in the bovine male what should you take a look at to see signs of urolith?

Answer 12

Look at the hair surrounding the penis to check for crystals/urolith that gets stuck on the hair - good indicator

Question 13

How to obtain urine in the bovine female

Answer 13

Rub the escutcheon (area below vulva) on the midline about 4 inches below ventral tip of vulva up to right under the ventral tip

Question 14

When obtaining urine from the female bovine what type of pressure do you want to rub the escutcheon with?

Answer 14

Moderate pressure with change in speed if not getting desired result

Question 15

When obtaining urine in the female bovine how long should you rub the escutcheon

Answer 15

Continue rubbing through the cow posturing until produces solid stream

Question 16

What is a non-invasive way to attain urine in equine

Answer 16

Put them in a clean stall

Question 17

What is normal urination posture in a female bovine

Answer 17

Kyphosis (bow up) of back with hind feet under

Question 18

What is the normal urination posture of a mare

Answer 18

Spreads legs

Question 19

What is the normal urination posture of a male bovine

Answer 19

Doesn’t move, doesn’t care

Question 20

Normal posture of a stallion

Answer 20

Stretch out back and hind limbs

Question 21

What can the normal urination posture of a stallion be confused with

Answer 21

Colic

Question 22

How many times a day do bovines urinate

Answer 22

8-12

Question 23

Do bovine or equine urinate a greater volume/day

Answer 23

Bovine

Question 24

What is the general color of bovine urine

Answer 24

Golden

Question 25

Is bovine urine clear or cloudy

Answer 25

Clear

Question 26

What is the pH of bovine urine

Answer 26

Alkaline

Question 27

How many times per day do equine urinate

Answer 27

3-6 times a day

Question 28

What is the general color of equine urine

Answer 28

Golden

Question 29

Is equine urine clear or cloudy

Answer 29

Cloudy due to calcium carbonate crystals

Question 30

Why is the pH of equine and bovine alkaline

Answer 30

Due to herbivorous diet - less protein compared to dog acidic urine

Question 31

What is winking and when does it normally occur

Answer 31

Small amount of urine squirts out multiple times Pushing out of the vulvar mucosa

Question 32

Normal basic urinary tract anatomy of an equine

Answer 32

Kidneys lead to ureter to bladder to urethra

Question 33

Basic urinary tract anatomy of a bovine

Answer 33

Kidney, ureter, bladder urethra, vagina, vulva

Question 34

What is the kidney shape of bovine

Answer 34

Lobated No renal pelvis (multiple branches of ureters) that collects urine

Question 35

In bovine, which kidney is palpable by rectal palpation

Answer 35

LEFT kidney is LEFT BEHIND

Question 36

Where is the location of the kidney when felt via palpation

Answer 36

Pushed to midline by rumen taking up most of left abdomen

Question 37

If the rumen is very full what can happen to the location of the left kidney

Answer 37

Can be pushed to right of midline

Question 38

In comparison to the dorsum and the vertebrae, where is the left kidney situated

Answer 38

Hangs down in fold of mesentery/fat - NOT held tight to dorsum Between L2-L4

Question 39

What is the kidney shape in equine

Answer 39

Right is heart shaped Left is pyramidal

Question 40

Where is the kidney located compared to the dorsum in equine

Answer 40

Flattened dorsoventrally

Question 41

What does each of the right and left kidneys of an equine have

Answer 41

Renal pelvis with mucous cells

Question 42

Compared to the vertebrae, where is the left kidney situated

Answer 42

Between last rib and L3 transverse process

Question 43

What are the basics of the repro tract of a male

Answer 43

Testis within the scrotum which is covered by the epididymus Vas deferens Accessory sex glands Urethra Penis

Question 44

Explain the external genitalia of a bull and explain its significance for homeostasis

Answer 44

Pendulous - semen likes cooler than body temp so bovine will move its genitalia higher or lower depending on if it is hot or cold

Question 45

Compare the testicles of the bovine to the equine

Answer 45

The bovine testicles have thicker skin and hang vertically with the tail of the epididymus ventral Equine testicles hang horizontally with tail of epididymus dorsocaudal and are less pendulous

Question 46

Describe the sweat glands of a bovine

Answer 46

Has more sweat glands in scrotum than in any other area and thermosensitive nerves

Question 47

Describe the bovine (bull) penis

Answer 47

Fibroelastic - grows in length but not width The sigmoid flexus helps this growth during erection

Question 48

Size of glans penis in equine vs bovine

Answer 48

Equine - large Bovine - small

Question 49

What is unique about the penis of the small ruminant

Answer 49

Has urethral process which comes off of the tip to help spread semen around in the vagina

Question 50

What is the potential issue that can arise and be difficult/painful with the urethral process

Answer 50

Small and narrow so uroliths can be a huge problem

Question 51

Describe the penis of an equine (stallion)

Answer 51

Musculocavernous penis - grows in length and width with erection

Question 52

What is smegma/the bean in equine

Answer 52

Smega which is collection of dirt collects in pocket (central fossa) around the urethra and needs to be removed

Question 53

What is the basics of the repro tract anatomy of a female equine

Answer 53

Ovary Uterus Cervix Vagina Vulva

Question 54

What is the shape of the uterus and cervix in bovine

Answer 54

Uterus: short body with 2 horns Cervix: smooth muscle with “stiff” interlocking folds

Question 55

What is the shape of the uterus and cervix of the equine

Answer 55

Uterus: large body and 2 short horns Cervix: smooth muscle with mucosal folds

Question 56

Why does the uterus of the sow differ from the cow and mare

Answer 56

Many litter bearer horns - need lots of room for babies

Question 57

How does the cervix differ between equine and bovine repro tracts

Answer 57

Cervix of bovine is stiff like turkey neck whereas equine cervix is soft and not palpable

Question 58

Describe the broad ligament of the bovine vs equine

Answer 58

Bovine has longer broad ligament so uterus and ovaries hand lower within pelvis Equine has shorter broad ligament and ovaries hang higher more dorsal to horns within pelvic cavity

Question 59

Where can ovaries be found in bovine

Answer 59

Lateral to body

Question 60

Describe the uterine horns of bovine vs equine

Answer 60

Bovine = longer Equine = shorter

Question 61

Describe the ovaries of the bovine vs equine

Answer 61

Bovine ovaries are small and almond shaped to walnut depending on timing of cycle Equine have larger bean shaped to plum to orange size depending on cycle

Question 62

What are the reproductive tracts within the pelvis of equine and bovine

Answer 62

Rectum, ovary, uterine horn

Question 63

What are the reason for performing rectal palpation

Answer 63

Determine if pregnant Investigating abdominal pain (colic) Breeding soundness exam Exam of abdominal structures (kidneys, uterus, gastro, lymph nodes)

Question 64

What are risks of rectal palpation

Answer 64

Rectal tear, hemorrhage

Question 65

What precautions should you take when palpating

Answer 65

Short nails, no jewelry Sleeves with lube Never PUSH against peristaltic waves

Question 66

What is a peristaltic wave and what should you do in a cow and horse if you feel one

Answer 66

Cow - can allow wave to pass over Horse - recede with wave

Question 67

What is the proper hand position when inserting into the rectum for palpation

Answer 67

Duck hand

Question 68

What are the reasons for vaginal palpation

Answer 68

Assist in difficult parturition (dystocia) Investigate/treatment of retained placenta Evaluation of cervix - breeding soundness

Question 69

Risks of vaginal palpation

Answer 69

Intro of pathogens

Question 70

What precautions should you take for vaginal palpation

Answer 70

Clean vulva/perineum Sleeves and lube (Sterile for equine)

Question 71

Why is a pregnant cow a normal cow

Answer 71

Cows have jobs that require pregnancy Dairy: must calve to begin lactation Beef: calves that become feeder steers/heifers are the product

Question 72

How is pregnancy diagnosis made in cows

Answer 72

Palpation

Question 73

How long are cows pregnant

Answer 73

283 days - 9.5 months

Question 74

What are the 4 cardinal signs of pregnancy by palpation

Answer 74

1. Membrane slip 2. Amniotic vesicle 3. Fetus 4. Placentomes

Question 75

What is a membrane slip and what should you feel when palpating

Answer 75

Developing placental membranes within uterus that slips between your fingers

Question 76

Around what time of gestation can membrane slips be felt

Answer 76

35 days

Question 77

What is the amniotic vesicle? When can it be palpated

Answer 77

Conceptus and amniotic fluid within turgid amniotic membrane sac (turgid for protection) Can be palpated 32-35 days for experienced and by 60-65 days becomes less turgid

Question 78

What are the risks of palpating the amniotic vesicle

Answer 78

Fragile so rough handling can damage blood supply and cause death to uterus Vesicle can be popped

Question 79

What risk does palpating between 40-45 days have on the amniotic vesicle

Answer 79

Atresia coli (born w/o anus)

Question 80

When can the fetus be palpated

Answer 80

When amniotic vesicle becomes less turgid at ~65 days

Question 81

What are placentomes and when can they be palpated?

Answer 81

Placentation forms buttons where maternal and fetal membranes join together Palpated in uterine horn at day 80-90

Question 82

What is the least sensitive way to age a fetus

Answer 82

Placentomes

Question 83

What makes up a Placentome

Answer 83

Cotyledon (baby) Carnucle (mom)

Question 84

How is pregnancy diagnosed in the mare

Answer 84

Rectal ultrasound

Question 85

How early can pregnancy be detected by ultrasound in horses

Answer 85

14 days

Question 86

What is the gestation length in a mare

Answer 86

335-360 days (11-12 mo)

Question 87

\When can the amniotic vesicle first be palpated in equine

Answer 87

~30 days