Urogenital

Question 1

Urogenital Development

Answer 1

Urinary and genital development are closely linked. Structures in one system are used in the other.

Question 2

Kidneys

Answer 2

Urine forming organs. Maintain stable blood composition. Filters contents of blood. Excretes unneeded contents. Reabsorbs needed contents.

Question 3

Kidney Formation Stages

Answer 3

Pronephros, Mesonephros, Metanephros

Question 4

Pronephros

Answer 4

1st stage, non-functional in humans, mostly degenerates.

Question 5

Mesonephros

Answer 5

2nd stage, temporarily functions as kidneys, doesn’t concentrate urine.

Question 6

Mesonephric tubules

Answer 6

Short tubes that receive filtered blood and drain to mesonephric duct.

Question 7

Mesonephric ducts

Answer 7

long tubes of the mesonephros. Drain to bladder.

Question 8

metanephros

Answer 8

final stage. Concentrates urine (to conserve water), grows off of the mesonephros

Question 9

primary sex determination

Answer 9

formation of the primary sex organs

Question 10

Secondary sex determination

Answer 10

formation of th secondary sex organs. Promoted by hormones of primary sex organs

Question 11

Gonadal ridge

Answer 11

bulge on mesonephros. Forms testes or ovaries. Y promotes testis.

Question 12

Mesonephric tubules development

Answer 12

Either form rete testis and seminiferous tubules, or Degenerate into ovary

Question 13

Mesonephric duct development

Answer 13

Degenerate in females, or become epididymus, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct in males.

Question 14

Paramesonephric duct development

Answer 14

degenerate in males if stimulated by Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), or form uterine tubes.

Question 15

Indifferent external geitalia

Answer 15

external genitalia before secondary sex determination. Lack of testosterone forms female genitalia (ovaries not needed)

Question 16

Effect of testosterone on indifferent external genitalia

Answer 16

Promotes development of male genitalia, causes testes to descend into scrotum, comes from testes.

Question 17

Intersex conditions

Answer 17

conditions where sex of gonads does not match external genitalia.

Question 18

types of intersex conditions

Answer 18

male pseudohermaphroditism (Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)/testicular feminication syndrome), Female pseudohermaphroditism, true hermaphroditism

Question 19

Male pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 19

A person with testes, but feminized genitalia. Caused my low testosterone and low MIS. Fetal testes produce insufficient amounts.

Question 20

Degree of feminization of internal/external structures in male pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 20

Varies depending on the amount of testosterone and MIS produced

Question 21

Female pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 21

A person with ovaries, but masculinized genitalia. Caused by excessive exposure to androgens (male sex hormone). Ovaries are normal, internal genitalia are usually feminine.

Question 22

Female Pseudohermaphroditism abnormalities

Answer 22

Clitoris enlarges, Labia fuse.

Question 23

True Hermaphroditism

Answer 23

A person with ovarian and testicular tissue. Both tissues may be in one organ, or in separate ones.(One ovary, one testis)

Question 24

Ovotestis

Answer 24

An organ with both ovarian and testicular tissue.

Question 25

Causes of true hermaphroditism

Answer 25

Pieces of Y-chromosome on an X-chromosome, fusion of early male and female embryos, Abnormal chromosomal seperation

Question 26

True Hermaphroditism from y chromosome piece

Answer 26

x-chromosome inactivation causes some cells to use x-chromosome with y piece, and some to use a normal one.

Question 27

True Hermaphroditism from early fusion

Answer 27

One embryo uses the cells of the other embryo (which kills one), Cells from the original male/female may be used for different gonads.

Question 28

True Hermaphroditism from abnormal chromosomal seperation

Answer 28

Sperm delivers X and Y, only one X is copied, zygote divides into XX and XY.

Question 29

True Hermaphroditism abnormalities

Answer 29

Gonads are usually nonfunctional, external genitalia are ambiguous

Question 30

Androgen insensitivity Syndrome

Answer 30

A person with testes who appears externally female. Caused by insensitivity to testosterone. Production is normal, response to MIS is normal.

Question 31

AIS abnormalities

Answer 31

Undescended, sterile testes, external female development(mammary glands, no womb or uterine tubes, no menstruation)